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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *kwēniz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_kwēniz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
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    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_gwen_f" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*gʷḗn f</orth>
          <def>woman</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_bharati_x2" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>भर॑ति</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>bhárati</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to bear</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_kweniz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kwēniz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>kwēniz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈkʷɛː.niz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᚹᛖᚾᛁᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">i-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>wife</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From an i-stem derivative of Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gwen_f"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_gwen_f">*gʷḗn f</ref></mentioned> (‘woman’). Kroonen conjectures that it may be the nominalisation of a vr̥ddhi-gerundive of an otherwise unsupported *kwenan- &lt; *gʷén-e- verb which would be "to marry". He cites the predominance of the "wife" meaning, as opposed to the more direct descendent *kwenǭ (‘woman’) and a similar formation in Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_bharati_x2"><ref target="#cog_san_bharati_x2">भर॑ति</ref></mentioned> (bhárati, ‘to bear’) giving भार्या (bhāryā).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>kwēniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>kwēnīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>kwēnį</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>kwēninz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>kwēnīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>kwēnijǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>kwēnī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>kwēnimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>kwēnī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>kwēnimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>kwēni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>kwēnīz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kwāni</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>cwēn, cwǣn, cuēn, cwœ̄n, cœ̄n</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>quene, qwene, cwene, queene, quen, qween, qweene, queyne, qwenne, qwhene, kuene, quiene, queen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>queen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>queen, wheen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>queen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kwāni</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>quān</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>quêne, kôn</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kvæn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>kván, kvon, kvæn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>kvån</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>-qvæn, broþorqvæn, sonaqvæn</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kván</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>kván, kvon, kvæn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>kvån</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>-qvæn, broþorqvæn, sonaqvæn</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌵𐌴𐌽𐍃 (qēns)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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