<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *kōz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_kōz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_koz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kōz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>kōz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈkɔːz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᛟᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">consonant stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>cow</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From earlier *kwōz ~ *kwūiz, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷéh₃u-s ~ *gʷuh₃-és.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>kōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>kōiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>kōǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>kōnz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>kūiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>kūǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>kūī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>kūmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>kūē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>kūmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>kō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>kōiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>cuo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>coe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>koe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>ków</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>West Flemish</lang>
                        <orth>koe</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>cū</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>cow, cou, cowe, cu, kow, kowe, ku</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>cow</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>coo, coe, cou</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>keow</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>kū</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Ku</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>ko</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>kuo, chuo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>kuo, kū, kō, chuo</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>East Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Kou, Kua, Kuu</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Kuh</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>kü</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>קו (ku)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>kuo, chuo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>kuo, kū, kō, chuo</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Chue</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Alsatian</lang>
                          <orth>Küeh</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Walser</lang>
                          <orth>Chua</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>kuo, chuo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>kuo, kū, kō, chuo</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>Kuah, Kouh, Kua</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                          <orth>khua</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Mòcheno</lang>
                          <orth>kua</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>kuo, chuo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>kuo, kū, kō, chuo</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Kuh, Koh</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                          <orth>Kuh</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>Kou</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>kuo, chuo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>kuo, kū, kō, chuo</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Rhine Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Pennsylvania German</lang>
                          <orth>Kuh</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>kō, kuo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>kô, ko, koo, kou, koe, koh, koy, ku</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Koo</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>kō, kuo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>kô, ko, koo, kou, koe, koh, koy, ku</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Koh</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German Low German</lang>
                          <orth>Koh, Kauh, Ko, Koo, Kuh</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old East Norse</lang>
                    <orth>*kōʀ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>kō</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>ko</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old East Norse</lang>
                    <orth>*kōʀ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>kō</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>ko</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old West Norse</lang>
                    <orth>kýr, *kōʀ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                      <orth>tjyr</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>kúgv, kú</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>kýr</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Jamtish</lang>
                      <orth>kú</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>ku</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>ku</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
