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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *laiwarikǭ</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_laiwarikǭ</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_alauda" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>alauda</orth>
          <def>lark</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_laiwariko" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/laiwarikǭ">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>laiwarikǭ</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈlɑi̯.wɑ.ri.kɔ̃ː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛚᚨᛁᚹᚨᚱᛁᚲᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ōn-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>lark</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Perhaps from earlier *laiwazikǭ, a diminutive of *laiwaz (‘lark’). Further origin uncertain.</seg>
            <seg type="p">According to Kuiper, from a European substratum (substrate) word, possibly a Celto-Germanic root shared with Gaulish *alawda (‘skylark’); compare Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_alauda"><ref target="#cog_lat_alauda">alauda</ref></mentioned> (‘lark’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>laiwarikǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>laiwarikōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>laiwarikōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>laiwarikōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>laiwarikōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>laiwarikōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>laiwarikōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>laiwarikōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>laiwarikōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>laiwarikōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>laiwarikǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>laiwarikōniz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*laiwarikā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*leiwerka, *lēwerka</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>lewerke, leeuwerke, liewerick, lewerijck, lewerick</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                        <orth>ljurk</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*laiwarikā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*leiwerka, *lēwerka</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>lewerke, leeuwerke, liewerick, lewerijck, lewerick</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>leeuwerik</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>lewerkie</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*laiwarikā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>lāwerce, lǣwerce, lāwriċe, lāferċe</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>larke, laverche, laveroc, laverke, laverock, leverock, lerke, livroche, laverok</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>lark, laverock, lavrock</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>lark, lork, laveirk, laverok</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>lereke, lerock</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*laiwarikā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*lēwerke, *lēwertze, *lertze</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>lāsk</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Läiverke, Leeuwerke</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>ljurk, lartse, larts, lerts, ljurts</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*laiwarikā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Galician-Portuguese</lang>
                    <orth>*laverca</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Galician</lang>
                      <orth>laverca</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Portuguese</lang>
                      <orth>laverca</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*laiwarikā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>lērihha</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>lērche, lërche, lērhe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Lerche</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Léierchen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*laiwarikā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>lēwerka</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>lêwerike, lêwerke, lêrke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Leverke, Leverk</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*laiwaʀikā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*leiwerka, *lēwerka</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>lewerke, leeuwerke, liewerick, lewerijck, lewerick</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                        <orth>ljurk</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*laiwaʀikā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*leiwerka, *lēwerka</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>lewerke, leeuwerke, liewerick, lewerijck, lewerick</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>leeuwerik</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>lewerkie</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*laiwaʀikā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>lāwerce, lǣwerce, lāwriċe, lāferċe</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>larke, laverche, laveroc, laverke, laverock, leverock, lerke, livroche, laverok</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>lark, laverock, lavrock</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>lark, lork, laveirk, laverok</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>lereke, lerock</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*laiwaʀikā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*lēwerke, *lēwertze, *lertze</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>lāsk</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Läiverke, Leeuwerke</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>ljurk, lartse, larts, lerts, ljurts</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*laiwaʀikā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Galician-Portuguese</lang>
                    <orth>*laverca</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Galician</lang>
                      <orth>laverca</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Portuguese</lang>
                      <orth>laverca</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*laiwaʀikā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>lērihha</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>lērche, lërche, lērhe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Lerche</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Léierchen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*laiwaʀikā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>lēwerka</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>lêwerike, lêwerke, lêrke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Leverke, Leverk</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>lævirki</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>lærke</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>lerkur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>lævirki</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>lerke</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>lævirki</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>lærikia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>lärka</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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