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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *laiþāną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_laiþāną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_laithana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/laiþāną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>laiþāną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈlɑi̯.θɑː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛚᚨᛁᚦᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to loathe, to detest, to revile</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *laiþaz (‘loathsome’) + *-āną.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>laiþō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>laiþaisi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>laiþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>laiþāsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>laiþaiþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>laiþāþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>laiþāþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>laiþōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>laiþāþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>laiþāþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>laiþāmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>laiþānþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>laiþaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>laiþaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>laiþānþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>laiþānþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>laiþānþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>laiþānþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>laiþadǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>laiþadēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>laiþadēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>laiþadēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>laiþadē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>laiþadēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>laiþadēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>laiþadēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>laiþadēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>laiþadēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>laiþadēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>laiþadēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>laiþadēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>laiþadēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>laiþadēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>laiþadēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>laiþāndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>laiþadaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>laiþāną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*laiþēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>lēthōn</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*laiþēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*lēthon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>lêden</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*laiþēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>lāþian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>lathen, lothen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>lathe, laith</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*laiþēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>lāþian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>lathen, lothen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>loathe</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>lothe</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*laiþēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>leidēn, leidōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>leiden</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>leiða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>ledes</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>leiða, leiðast</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>leiðask</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>ledes</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>leiða, leiðast</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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