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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *langōną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_langōną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_bsl-x-proto_lenktei" xml:lang="bsl-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*lénktei</orth>
          <def>to bend, twine</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_langona" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/langōną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>langōną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈlɑŋ.ɡɔː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛚᚨᚾᚷᛟᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to desire; long for</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Of uncertain origin. Often taken as related to *langaz (‘long (in length)’), with semantic development "long length" &gt; "reach, extend" &gt; "wish to reach to, long for". However, Orel appears implicitly skeptical, and prefers to connect the root, as well as Old English andlang (‘along’) and its relatives, with Proto-Balto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="bsl-x-proto" target="#cog_bsl-x-proto_lenktei"><ref target="#cog_bsl-x-proto_lenktei">*lénktei</ref></mentioned> (‘to bend, twine’) instead.</seg>
            <seg type="p">Other derive the verb from Proto-Indo-European *lengʷʰ-, *legʷʰ- (‘to be easy, be quick, jump, move around, vary’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>langō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>langǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>langōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>langōsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>langōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>langō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>langōsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>langōsau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>langōþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>langō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>langōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>langōþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>langōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>langōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>langōw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>langōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>langōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>langōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>langōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>langōm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>langōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>langōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>langōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>langōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>langōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>langōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>langōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>langōnþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>langōn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>langōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>langōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>langōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>langōdǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>langōdēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>langōdēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>langōdēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>langōdē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>langōdēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>langōdēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>langōdēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>langōdēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>langōdēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>langōdēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>langōdēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>langōdēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>langōdēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>langōdēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>langōdēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>langōndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>langōdaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>langōną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*langōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*langon, *langen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>langhen, belangen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>langen, verlangen, belang</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*langōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>langian, belangian, ġelangian, lengan, ġelengan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>langen, longen, belangen, belongen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>long, belong</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>lang, belang</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*langōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*langia, *belangia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>beloangje</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>belangje</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*langōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>gilangōn, langēn, belangēn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>gelangen, langen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>gelangen, langen, verlangen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*langōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>langon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>langen, belangen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>langen, belangen, verlangen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>langa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>længes</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>langa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>lengte</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>langa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>langa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>långa</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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