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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *lappaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_lappaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_lobos" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>λοβός</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>lobós</orth>
          </form>
          <def>lobe</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_leb" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*leb-</orth>
          <def>to hang loosely, flop</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_lappaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/lappaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>lappaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈlɑp.pɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛚᚨᛈᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">z-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>flap, lobe</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>strip</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Pre-Germanic *lopnó-, from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_leb"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_leb">*leb-</ref></mentioned> (‘to hang loosely, flop’). Compare Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_lobos"><ref target="#cog_grc_lobos">λοβός</ref></mentioned> (lobós, ‘lobe’), Albanian labë (‘bark’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>lappaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>lappizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>lappaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>lappizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>lappiziz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>lappizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>lappizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>lappizumaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>lappizē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>lappizumiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>lappaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>lappizō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*lappā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*lappa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>lappe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>lap</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>lap</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*lappā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*leppruc, *lippric</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old English</lang>
                      <orth>ēarelippric</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*lappā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>læppa, lappa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>lappe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>lap</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>lap</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*lappā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>*labbe, *labre</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle French</lang>
                      <orth>*labrer</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle English</lang>
                        <orth>label, labelle</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>label</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Danish</lang>
                            <orth>label</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Dutch</lang>
                            <orth>label</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>French</lang>
                            <orth>label</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Malay</lang>
                            <orth>label</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Polish</lang>
                            <orth>label</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Welsh</lang>
                            <orth>label</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*lappā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>*labbe, *labre</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle French</lang>
                      <orth>*labrer</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle English</lang>
                        <orth>label, labelle</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>label</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Japanese</lang>
                            <orth>ラベル (raberu)</orth>
                            <form type="descendant">
                              <lang>Korean</lang>
                              <orth>라벨 (rabel)</orth>
                            </form>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*lappā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>*labbe, *labre</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle French</lang>
                      <orth>*labrer</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle French</lang>
                        <orth>deslabrer, délabrer</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>French</lang>
                          <orth>délabrer</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*lappā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>*labbe, *labre</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>labelle, label, labbelle, lambel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle French</lang>
                        <orth>label, lambeau, lambel</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>French</lang>
                          <orth>lambeau</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*lappā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>lappa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Lappe</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>lappe, lape</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*lappā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>lappo, lappa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>lappe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Lappe, Lappen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*lappā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>lappo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>lappe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Lappen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*lappō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*lappa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>lappe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>lap</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>lap</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*lappō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*leppruc, *lippric</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old English</lang>
                      <orth>ēarelippric</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*lappō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>læppa, lappa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>lappe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>lap</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>lap</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*lappō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>*labbe, *labre</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle French</lang>
                      <orth>*labrer</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle English</lang>
                        <orth>label, labelle</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>label</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Danish</lang>
                            <orth>label</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Dutch</lang>
                            <orth>label</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>French</lang>
                            <orth>label</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Malay</lang>
                            <orth>label</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Polish</lang>
                            <orth>label</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Welsh</lang>
                            <orth>label</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*lappō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>*labbe, *labre</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle French</lang>
                      <orth>*labrer</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle English</lang>
                        <orth>label, labelle</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>label</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Japanese</lang>
                            <orth>ラベル (raberu)</orth>
                            <form type="descendant">
                              <lang>Korean</lang>
                              <orth>라벨 (rabel)</orth>
                            </form>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*lappō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>*labbe, *labre</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle French</lang>
                      <orth>*labrer</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle French</lang>
                        <orth>deslabrer, délabrer</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>French</lang>
                          <orth>délabrer</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*lappō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>*labbe, *labre</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>labelle, label, labbelle, lambel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle French</lang>
                        <orth>label, lambeau, lambel</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>French</lang>
                          <orth>lambeau</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*lappō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>lappa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Lappe</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>lappe, lape</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*lappō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>lappo, lappa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>lappe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Lappe, Lappen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*lappō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>lappo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>lappe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Lappen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>leppr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>lap</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>leppur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>leppur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>lapp</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>lapp</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>leppr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>lapper</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>lapp</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>lappir</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>lap</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>leppur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>leppur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>lapp</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>lapp</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>lappir</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>lapper</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>lapp</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
