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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *laubijaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_laubijaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_laubijana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/laubijaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>laubijaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈlɑu̯.βi.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛚᚨᚢᛒᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to allow, approve of</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to commend, laud, praise</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *laubō (‘permission’) + *-janą.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>laubijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>laubijaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>laubijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>laubīsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>laubijais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>laubī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>laubijasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>laubijaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>laubīþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>laubijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>laubijaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>laubijaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>laubijaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>laubijōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>laubijaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>laubijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>laubijaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>laubijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>laubijamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>laubijaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>laubijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>laubijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>laubīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>laubijaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>laubīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>laubijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>laubijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>laubijanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>laubijain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>laubijanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>laubijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>laubijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>laubidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>laubidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>laubidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>laubidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>laubidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>laubidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>laubidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>laubidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>laubidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>laubidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>laubidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>laubidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>laubidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>laubidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>laubidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>laubidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>laubijandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>laubidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>laubijaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*laubijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*lōven</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>lôven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>loven</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*laubijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>līefan, lȳfan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>leven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>leave</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>leve, lefe</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*laubijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>lēva</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>leauwjen</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>leeuwe, loowje, lööwje</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>leauwe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*laubijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*louben</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>louben</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>lauben</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*laubijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>lōvian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>lôven, lö̂ven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>löven</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>leyfa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>loyva</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>leyfa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>leyfa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>løyva</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>løyve</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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