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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *laugnijaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_laugnijaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_laugnijana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/laugnijaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>laugnijaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈlɑu̯ɣ.ni.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛚᚨᚢᚷᚾᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to conceal; gainsay; deny</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *laugnaz (‘hidden’) + *-janą.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>laugnijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>laugnijaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>laugnijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>laugnīsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>laugnijais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>laugnī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>laugnijasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>laugnijaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>laugnīþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>laugnijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>laugnijaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>laugnijaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>laugnijaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>laugnijōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>laugnijaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>laugnijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>laugnijaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>laugnijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>laugnijamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>laugnijaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>laugnijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>laugnijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>laugnīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>laugnijaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>laugnīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>laugnijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>laugnijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>laugnijanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>laugnijain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>laugnijanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>laugnijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>laugnijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>laugnidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>laugnidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>laugnidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>laugnidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>laugnidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>laugnidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>laugnidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>laugnidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>laugnidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>laugnidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>laugnidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>laugnidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>laugnidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>laugnidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>laugnidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>laugnidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>laugnijandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>laugnidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>laugnijaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*laugnijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>lēina, laina</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*laugnijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*lōganen, *lōgnen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>logenen, loochenen, loochnen, loggenen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>loochenen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*laugnijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>līegnan, lȳgnan, līgnan, lēgnan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>lihhnen, lighnen, liȝnen, lynen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*laugnijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>louganen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>löugenen, lougen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>leugnen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*laugnijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>lōgnian, lâgnian, lāgnian, lagnian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>lôchenen</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>löägenje, lööchenje, lāgnian</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>leagenje, lāgnian</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>leyna</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>loyna</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>leyna</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>lø̄na</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>leyna</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>leynen, leinen, laynen, lainen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>lain</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>lain</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌲𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌽 (laugnjan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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