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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *laupaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_laupaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_lewb" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*lewb-</orth>
          <def>to shed, peel, break off</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_laupaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/laupaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>laupaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈlɑu̯.pɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛚᚨᚢᛈᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>vessel; container; basket</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>a measure; portion; allotment</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_lewb"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_lewb">*lewb-</ref></mentioned> (‘to shed, peel, break off’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>laupaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>laupōz, laupōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>laupą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>laupanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>laupas, laupis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>laupǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>laupai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>laupamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>laupō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>laupamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>laup</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>laupōz, laupōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*laup</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>lēpen</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*laup</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*loup, *lōp, loupin, *lōpin</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>loop, lōpe, lōpin, lōpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>loop, lopen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*laup</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>lēap</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>lep, lepe, leep</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>leap</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>lippy, lippie</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*laup</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>lēap</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>lep, lepe, leep</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>leip</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>leipie, lepy, lippie</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*laup</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>lope, loupe, lopin</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle French</lang>
                      <orth>lope, loupe, lopin</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>French</lang>
                        <orth>lope, loupe, lopin</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*laup</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*lōp, *lōpīn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>lôp, lö̂pen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*laupīn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>lēpen</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*laupīn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*loup, *lōp, loupin, *lōpin</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>loop, lōpe, lōpin, lōpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>loop, lopen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*laupīn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>lēap</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>lep, lepe, leep</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>leap</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>lippy, lippie</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*laupīn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>lēap</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>lep, lepe, leep</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>leip</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>leipie, lepy, lippie</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*laupīn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>lope, loupe, lopin</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle French</lang>
                      <orth>lope, loupe, lopin</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>French</lang>
                        <orth>lope, loupe, lopin</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*laupīn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*lōp, *lōpīn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>lôp, lö̂pen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>laupr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>løb</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>laupur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>løp</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>laupr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>lø̄per</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>löp</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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