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<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *lesaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_lesaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_les" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*les-</orth>
          <def>to gather</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_lesti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>lèsti</orth>
          <def>to pick, peck</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_lesana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/lesaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>lesaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈle.sɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛚᛖᛊᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 5</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to gather, collect</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_les"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_les">*les-</ref></mentioned> (‘to gather’). Cognate with Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_lesti"><ref target="#cog_lit_lesti">lèsti</ref></mentioned> (‘to pick, peck’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>lesō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>lesaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>lesai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>lisizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>lesaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>les</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>lesazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>lesaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>lisidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>lesai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>lesadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>lesadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>lesaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>lesōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>lesaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>lesadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>lesaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>lesadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>lesamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>lesaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>lesandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>lesaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>lisid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>lesaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>lisid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>lesandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>lesaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>lesandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>lesain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>lesandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>lesandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>lesaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>las</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>lēzį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>last</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>lēzīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>las</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>lēzī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>lēzū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>lēzīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>lēzudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>lēzīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>lēzum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>lēzīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>lēzud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>lēzīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>lēzun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>lēzīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>lesandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>lezanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>lesaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*lesan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>lesan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>lēsen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>laeze, leuze</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*lesan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>lesan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>lēsen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>lezen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>lees</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Berbice Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>lesi</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Javindo</lang>
                          <orth>lesen</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Jersey Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>lêze</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Lokono</lang>
                          <orth>alesedin</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Mahican</lang>
                          <orth>lesówu</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>lees</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Papiamentu</lang>
                          <orth>lesa, leza</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*lesan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>lesan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>lēsen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>lezen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Sranan Tongo</lang>
                          <orth>leisi</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Aukan</lang>
                            <orth>leisi</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Caribbean Javanese</lang>
                            <orth>lési, Kari'na: resima</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Saramaccan</lang>
                            <orth>lési</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*lesan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>lesan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>lesen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>lease</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>lease</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*lesan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>lesa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>leze</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>lêze</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*lesan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>lesan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>lësen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>läse, lääse</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>lesn</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>lesen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>liesen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Rhine Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>łaoza</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*lesan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>lesan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>lēsen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch Low Saxon</lang>
                        <orth>lezen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>lesen, läsen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>läsen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>lesa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>leså</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>lesa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>läse</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>lesa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>lese</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>lesa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Scanian</lang>
                    <orth>læsa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>lesa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>læsæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>læse</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>lesa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>læsa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>läsa</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽 (lisan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
