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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *leubaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_leubaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_lewbhos" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*lewbʰós</orth>
          <def>beloved</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_leubaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/leubaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>leubaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈleu̯.βɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛚᛖᚢᛒᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>dear, beloved</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_lewbhos"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_lewbhos">*lewbʰós</ref></mentioned> (‘beloved’), from *lewbʰ- (‘to desire, love’). Given the existence of a cognate in Proto-Slavic *ľubъ, this adjective is one of the oldest of the e-grade *-az adjectives.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>leubaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>leubō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>leubą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>leubai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>leubôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>leubō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>leubanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>leubǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>leubą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>leubanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>leubōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>leubō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>leubas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>leubaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>leubas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>leubaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>leubaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>leubaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>leubammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>leubaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>leubammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>leubaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>leubaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>leubaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>leubanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>leubaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>leubanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>leubaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>leubaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>leubaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>leubô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>leubǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>leubô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>leubaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>leubōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>leubōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>leubanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>leubōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>leubô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>leubanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>leubōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>leubōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>leubiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>leubōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>leubiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>leubanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>leubōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>leubanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>leubini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>leubōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>leubini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>leubammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>leubōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>leubammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>leubinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>leubōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>leubinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>leubammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>leubōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>leubammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*leub</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>lief</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>lief</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>lief</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>leef</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*leub</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>lēof, leaf, līof</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>lef, leve, lefe, leffe, life, live, luf</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>lief, livelong</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>lief, lee</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>liveer</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*leub</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>liāf, liēf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>ljoof, ljo, ljoo</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>leaf</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*leub</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>liob, liub, liup, *liof, lief</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>liep, lief</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>lieb</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>liab</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>leev, liev</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>East Central German</lang>
                        <orth>lieb</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>lieb</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>léif</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>ליב (lib)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*leub</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>liof</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>lief, lêf</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>leef</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*leub</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>liof</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>lief, lêf</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>lief</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German Low German</lang>
                          <orth>leev, liev</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᛚᛖᚢᛒᚨᛉ (leubaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>ljúfr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>ljúvur</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>ljúfur</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>ljuv</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>ljuv</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᛚᛖᚢᛒᚨᛉ (leubaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>ljúfr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>liūver, liufwer</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>ljuv, ljuf</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌻𐌹𐌿𐍆𐍃 (liufs)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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