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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *leuganą</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_leuganą</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_lewgh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*lewgʰ-</orth>
          <def>to tell publicly</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_leugana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/leuganą">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>leuganą</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈleu̯.ɣɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛚᛖᚢᚷᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to lie, to tell a falsehood</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_lewgh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_lewgh">*lewgʰ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to tell publicly’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>leugō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>leugaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>leugai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>liugizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>leugaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>leug</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>leugazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>leugaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>liugidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>leugai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>leugadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>leugadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>leugaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>leugōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>leugaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>leugadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>leugaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>leugadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>leugamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>leugaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>leugandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>leugaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>liugid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>leugaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>liugid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>leugandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>leugaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>leugandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>leugain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>leugandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>leugandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>leugaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>laug</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>lugį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>lauht</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>lugīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>laug</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>lugī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>lugū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>lugīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>lugudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>lugīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>lugum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>lugīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>lugud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>lugīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>lugun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>lugīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>leugandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>luganaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>leuganą</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*leugan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>liegan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>liegen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>lege</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*leugan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>liegan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>liegen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>liegen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>lieg</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Berbice Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>liki</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Jersey Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>lîxe</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>lug, lik, lieg</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Skepi Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>lig</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*leugan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>lēogan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>lien</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>lie</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>lee</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*leugan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>liāga</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>ljooge</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>lige</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*leugan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>liogan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>liegen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>liagn, liang</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>lügen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>לײַגן (laygn)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*leugan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>liogan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>liegen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>leeje, lieje, lüjje</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>léien</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*leugan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>liogan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>lēgen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>liegen, legen, lögen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ljúga</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>liuoga</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>lúgva, ljúgva</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>ljauge</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>ljúga</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>ljuge, lyge, juge</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>ljuga, ljuge, lyga, lyge</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ljúga</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>liughæ, lyffuæ, liffuæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scanian</lang>
                      <orth>ljuğa</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ljúga</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>liughæ, lyffuæ, liffuæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>lyve</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>lyve</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ljúga</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>liūgha</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>ljuga</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽 (liugan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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