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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *leukaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_leukaną_1</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="orel2003" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/U6EVGQ9E">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">A Handbook of Germanic Etymology</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Vladimir</forename>
              <surname>Orel</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2003</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_lewg" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*lewǵ-</orth>
          <def>to break</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_luzti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>lū́žti</orth>
          <def>to break</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_rujati" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>रुजति</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>rujáti</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to break open</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_leukana_1" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/leukaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>leukaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈleu̯.kɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛚᛖᚢᚲᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to pull, pluck, weed</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Pre-Germanic *léwǵ-e/o-  Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_lewg"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_lewg">*lewǵ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to break’), cognate with Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_rujati"><ref target="#cog_san_rujati">रुजति</ref></mentioned> (rujáti, ‘to break open’), Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_luzti"><ref target="#cog_lit_luzti">lū́žti</ref></mentioned> (‘to break’) and Old Armenian լուծանեմ (lucanem, ‘to break, to loose’) <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013">Kroonen, 2013</bibl> <bibl corresp="#orel2003">Orel, 2003</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>leukō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>leukaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>leukai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>liukizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>leukaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>leuk</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>leukazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>leukaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>liukidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>leukai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>leukadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>leukadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>leukaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>leukōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>leukaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>leukadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>leukaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>leukadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>leukamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>leukaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>leukandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>leukaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>liukid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>leukaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>liukid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>leukandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>leukaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>leukandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>leukain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>leukandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>leukandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>leukaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>lauk</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>lukį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>lauht</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>lukīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>lauk</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>lukī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>lukū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>lukīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>lukudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>lukīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>lukum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>lukīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>lukud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>lukīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>lukun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>lukīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>leukandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>lukanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>leukaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*leukan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>lūcan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>louken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>louk, look</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*leukan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>lūka</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>lûke</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*leukan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>liohhan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>liechen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>liechen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*leukan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*lūkan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>lûken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>luken</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Low German</lang>
                          <orth>lucksen</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>German</lang>
                            <orth>abluchsen</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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