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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *leuþą</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_leuþą</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_laus" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>laus</orth>
          <def>praise</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_leutha" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/leuþą">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>leuþą</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈleu̯.θɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛚᛖᚢᚦᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>song, lay, song of praise</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Unclear. Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *lew-t-, an extension of a tentative root *lew- (‘to sing, praise’), whence also Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_laus"><ref target="#cog_lat_laus">laus</ref></mentioned> (‘praise’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>leuþą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>leuþō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>leuþą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>leuþō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>leuþas, liuþis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>leuþǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>leuþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>leuþamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>leuþō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>leuþamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>leuþą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>leuþō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*leuþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>lioth</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>liet, lijt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>lied</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>lied</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>liederen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*leuþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>lēoþ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>leoþ, leod, lede</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>leed, lidden</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>leith, leeth, lethe, leed, lede</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*leuþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*liāth</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Läid</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>liet</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*leuþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>liod</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>liet</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                        <orth>Lied</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Lidd</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>łid</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>ליד (lid)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*leuþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>liod</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>liet</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Lied</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>lied</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Finnish</lang>
                          <orth>lied</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>French</lang>
                          <orth>lied</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Romanian</lang>
                          <orth>lied</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*leuþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>lioth</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>*lēt, *liet</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Leed, Lied</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ljóð</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>ljóð</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>ljóð</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌸 (liuþ)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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