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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *libjaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_libjaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_leyp" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*leyp-</orth>
          <def>to stick; to be left over</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_libjana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/libjaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>libjaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈliβ.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛚᛁᛒᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to live, to be alive</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_leyp"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_leyp">*leyp-</ref></mentioned> (‘leave, cling, linger’), with semantic development "to leave, cling" &gt; "to remain" &gt; "to live".</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>libjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>libjaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>libaisi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>libjais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>libai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>libaiþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>libjai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>libjaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>libjōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>libjaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>libjaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>libjaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>libjaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>libjamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>libjaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>libaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>libjaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>libaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>libjanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>libjain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>libjanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>libdǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>libdēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>libdēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>libdēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>libdē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>libdēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>libdēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>libdēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>libdēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>libdēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>libdēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>libdēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>libdēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>libdēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>libdēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>libdēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>libjandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>libdaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>libjaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*libbjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>libben</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>leven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>leve, léëve</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*libbjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>libben</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>leven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>leven, leeven</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>leef, lewe</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Berbice Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>lefu</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Jersey Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>lêve</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>leev, lif, leven</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*libbjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>libban, lybban, lifian, leofian, lifġan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>lyven, leeve, lefe, leve, leven, libbe, libben, lifen, live, liven, lybbe, lyve, libbæn, libbenn, livie, livien, luvien</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>live</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>leeve</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>live</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*libbjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>leva</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>líeuwje</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>libje</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*libbjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>lebēn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>lëben</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>leben</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>liewen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>łaowa</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>לעבן (lebn)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*libbjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>lebēn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>lëben</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>lëëbe</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Alsatian</lang>
                          <orth>lawe</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Swabian</lang>
                          <orth>läba</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*libbjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>libbian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>leven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>leven</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German Low German</lang>
                          <orth>lęven, lewen, lewe</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                          <orth>läwen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>lifa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>liva</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>lifa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>leva, liva</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>lifa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>leve</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>leve</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>lifa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>liva, leffua</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>leva, lefva</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌻𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽 (liban)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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