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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *lifnaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_lifnaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_lifnana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/lifnaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>lifnaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈliɸ.nɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛚᛁᚠᚾᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 4</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to remain, to be left</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *lībaną (‘to remain’) + *-naną.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>lifnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>lifnaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>lifnōsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>lifnais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>lifnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>lifnōþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>lifnai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>lifnōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>lifnōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>lifnaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>lifnaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>lifnaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>lifnaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>lifnamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>lifnaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>lifnaþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>lifnaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>lifnaþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>lifnanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>lifnain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>lifnanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>lifnōdǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>lifnōdēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>lifnōdēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>lifnōdēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>lifnōdē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>lifnōdēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>lifnōdēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>lifnōdēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>lifnōdēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>lifnōdēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>lifnōdēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>lifnōdēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>lifnōdēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>lifnōdēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>lifnōdēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>lifnōdēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>lifnandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>lifnaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>lifna</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>lifna</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>livne</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>lifna</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>leffnæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>levne</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>levne</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>lifna</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>limna, lifna</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <orth>unknown: lämna</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐌻𐌹𐍆𐌽𐌰𐌽 (*lifnan)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gothic</lang>
                    <orth>𐌰𐍆𐌻𐌹𐍆𐌽𐌰𐌽 (aflifnan)</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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