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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *liudiz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_liudiz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h1lewdhis" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₁léwdʰis</orth>
          <def>people</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_liudiz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/liudiz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>liudiz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈliu̯.ðiz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛚᛁᚢᛞᛁᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">i-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>man, person</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>men, people</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1lewdhis"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1lewdhis">*h₁léwdʰis</ref></mentioned> (‘people’), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁lewdʰ- (‘to grow (up)’). Doublet of *lūdiz.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>liudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>liudīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>liudį</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>liudinz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>liudīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>liudijǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>liudī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>liudimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>liudī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>liudimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>liudi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>liudīz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*liudi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Medieval Latin</lang>
                    <orth>leodēs, leudēs</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>leud</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>French</lang>
                      <orth>leude</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*liudi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>liut, liudi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>liede</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>lieden</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*liudi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>lēod</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old English</lang>
                      <orth>lēode, lēoda</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle English</lang>
                        <orth>lede, leed, leod, leode</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>lede</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Middle Scots</lang>
                          <orth>leid</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*liudi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>liōd, liūde, liōde</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>lie, lju, ljuwe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*liudi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>liōd, liūde, liōde</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>ljode</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                        <orth>Ljuude</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*liudi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>liut, liuti</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>liut</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Lüüte</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Löck, Lück, Lüü, Lie, Leut, Lütt, Lekt, Leit</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Leute</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                        <orth>Leit</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Leit</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>łaojt</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>לײַט (layt)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*liudi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>liud, liudi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>lüde, luede, luide</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Lüde</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German Low German</lang>
                          <orth>Lühde, Lühd, Lüüde, Lüüd, Lüüt, Lüü</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Westphalian</lang>
                            <orth>?</orth>
                            <form type="descendant">
                              <lang>Paderbornisch</lang>
                              <orth>Luie</orth>
                            </form>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>lýðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>-lýður, lýð-</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>ljóður, lýður</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>lø</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>lyd</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>lyþir</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>lýðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>lith, lyth</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>lith</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>lythe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>lýðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>lyþir</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                      <orth>löid</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ljóðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>-lýður, lýð-</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>ljóður, lýður</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>lø</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>lyd</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>lyþir</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ljóðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>lith, lyth</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>lith</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>lythe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ljóðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>lyþir</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                      <orth>löid</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌸𐍃 (*liuþs)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Latin</lang>
                    <orth>leodes, leudes</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>leud</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>French</lang>
                      <orth>leude</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃 (*liudeis)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Latin</lang>
                    <orth>leodes, leudes</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>leud</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>French</lang>
                      <orth>leude</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*liuta</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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