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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *liuhtijaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_liuhtijaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_liuhtijana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/liuhtijaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>liuhtijaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈliu̯x.ti.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛚᛁᚢᚺᛏᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to give light, shine</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *leuhtą (‘light’) + *-janą (‘denominative suffix’) or *leuhtaz (‘light, bright’) + *-janą (‘factitive suffix’), both ultimately from the same Proto-Indo-European root.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>liuhtijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>liuhtijaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>liuhtijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>liuhtīsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>liuhtijais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>liuhtī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>liuhtijasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>liuhtijaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>liuhtīþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>liuhtijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>liuhtijaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>liuhtijaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>liuhtijaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>liuhtijōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>liuhtijaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>liuhtijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>liuhtijaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>liuhtijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>liuhtijamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>liuhtijaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>liuhtijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>liuhtijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>liuhtīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>liuhtijaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>liuhtīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>liuhtijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>liuhtijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>liuhtijanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>liuhtijain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>liuhtijanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>liuhtijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>liuhtijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>liuhtidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>liuhtidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>liuhtidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>liuhtidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>liuhtidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>liuhtidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>liuhtidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>liuhtidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>liuhtidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>liuhtidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>liuhtidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>liuhtidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>liuhtidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>liuhtidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>liuhtidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>liuhtidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>liuhtijandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>liuhtidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>liuhtijaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*liuhtijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>liuhten</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>luchten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>luchten</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*liuhtijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>līehtan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>lihten, lighten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>light</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>licht</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*liuhtijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>liuhten</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>liuhten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>לויכטן (loykhtn)</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>laichdn</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>leuchten</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>לײַכטן (laykhtn)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*liuhtijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>liuhtian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>luchten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>lüchten</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Polabian</lang>
                        <orth>löxtår</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌷𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (liuhtjan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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