<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *liþuz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_liþuz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_lithuz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/liþuz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>liþuz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈli.θuz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛚᛁᚦᚢᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">u-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>a bend</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>a joint</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>a body part, limb, member</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Of uncertain origin; Kroonen considers the word as cognate with *limuz (‘limb’). Other theories include derivation from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-, *leyH- (‘to bend’). A relationship with Latin lituus is sometimes suggested, but is doubtful as it is likely a loanword from Etruscan. Given the variety of forms, which are difficult to reconcile as inherited, origin in a substrate language is possible.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>liþuz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>liþiwiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>liþų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>liþunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>liþauz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>liþiwǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>liþiwi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>liþumaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>liþū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>liþumiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>liþu</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>liþiwiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*liþu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*lith</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>lit, let</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>lid</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>lid</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Indonesian</lang>
                          <orth>lid</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>lid, leden, leeden</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*liþu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>liþ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>lyth, lith, lythe, lithe, lyþ, liþ, liþe, liþthe, liyþe, litht, leth, lethe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>lith</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>lith</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*liþu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>lith, leth</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>leth, lath, lass</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Lid</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>lid</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*liþu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>lid</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>lit</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Lid</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Lied</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*liþu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>lid</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old High German</lang>
                      <orth>gilid</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>gelit, glit</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>Glied</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>Glidd</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*liþu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>lith</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>lit</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                        <orth>gelit</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>liðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>liður</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>liður</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>lid</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>liðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>lith</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>led</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>liðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>liþer</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>led</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌻𐌹𐌸𐌿𐍃 (liþus)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>*lëδës</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>*lëttō</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
