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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *lubją</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_lubją</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_cel-x-proto_lubi" xml:lang="cel-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*lubī</orth>
          <def>herb, plant</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_lew" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*lew-</orth>
          <def>to cut, remove, prune, separate</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_lubja" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/lubją">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>lubją</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈlub.jɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛚᚢᛒᛃᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ja-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>wort, herb</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>poison</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>love potion</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *lubʰ-yo-, from *lewbʰ- (‘herb’), and cognate with Proto-Celtic <mentioned xml:lang="cel-x-proto" target="#cog_cel-x-proto_lubi"><ref target="#cog_cel-x-proto_lubi">*lubī</ref></mentioned> (‘herb, plant’). The root is likely equivalent to *lewbʰ- in the "peel, break, damage" sense (likely whence Proto-Germanic *laubą (‘leaf’)), which itself has been further derived from a Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_lew"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_lew">*lew-</ref></mentioned> (‘to cut, remove, prune, separate’); the semantic development would be something like "peeled-off plant matter" &gt; "herb" &gt; "potion (made from herbs)".</seg>
            <seg type="p">The sense of love potion is influenced by similar forms from the unrelated *lubō (‘love’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>lubją</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>lubjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>lubją</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>lubjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>lubjas, lubis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>lubjǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>lubjai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>lubjamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>lubjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>lubjamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>lubją</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>lubjō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*lubi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*lubbi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>libbe, lebbe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*lubi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>lybb, lyb</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>libbe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>lib</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>lib</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*lubi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>lubbi, *lub, lupi, luppi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>luppe, lüppe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Luppe, Lüppe</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*lubi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*lubbi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>lubbe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Lübbstick</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>lyf</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>lyf</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>lyv, lyvja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>løv</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>lyf</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>lif, lȳf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                      <orth>lyv, löve</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Helsingian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>lev, lyv</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>lyf</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>lif, lȳf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>lifia, lūfia, lȳfia, lø̄fia</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>lövja</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐌻𐌿𐌱𐌹 (*lubi)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌻𐌿𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃 (lubjaleis)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌻𐌿𐌱𐌾𐌰𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌴𐌹 (lubjaleisei)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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