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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *luftuz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_luftuz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_prg_lubbo" xml:lang="prg" type="cognate">
          <orth>lubbo</orth>
          <def>bast, plank</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_luftuz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/luftuz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>luftuz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈluɸ.tuz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛚᚢᚠᛏᚢᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">u-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>roof</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>roof of the earth, firmament; heavens, sky</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>atmosphere</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="4">
            <def>air</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">According to Kroonen, from Proto-Indo-European *lubʰ-tu-s, from *lewbʰ- (‘to peel, break off, damage’) (whence also *laubą (‘leaf’)); this may be linked to Russian луб (lub, ‘bast’), Old Prussian <mentioned xml:lang="prg" target="#cog_prg_lubbo"><ref target="#cog_prg_lubbo">lubbo</ref></mentioned> (‘bast, plank’) and therefore have an original meaning of "roof (fashioned from peeled bark)". The Indo-European root has been taken as an extension of a root *lew- (‘to cut away, remove, prune’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>luftuz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>luftiwiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>luftų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>luftunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>luftauz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>luftiwǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>luftiwi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>luftumaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>luftū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>luftumiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>luftu</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>luftiwiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*luftu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>luft, luht</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>lucht, locht</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>lucht, lugt</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>lug</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Javindo</lang>
                          <orth>luch, luh</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Jersey Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>lœxt</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Sranan Tongo</lang>
                          <orth>loktu</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                          <orth>lucht</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*luftu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>lyft, loft, lybt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>luft, lift</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>loft, lift</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>luft, lift</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*luftu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>luft, lufte, *loft</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Luft</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>loft</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*luftu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>luft, luht</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>luft, lucht</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>East Central German</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Pennsylvania German</lang>
                        <orth>Luft</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>לופֿט (luft)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*luftu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>luft, luht</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>luft, lucht</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Luft, Loft, Loff, Luucht, Luuch, Luht, Lueht</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                          <orth>Luft</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>Luucht, Lut</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*luftu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>luft, luht</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>luft, lucht</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Luft</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Czech</lang>
                          <orth>luft</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>luft</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Kashubian</lang>
                          <orth>lëft</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>Loft</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Polish</lang>
                          <orth>luft</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Silesian</lang>
                          <orth>luft</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*luftu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>luft, luht</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>luft, lucht</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>luft, lugt</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Faroese</lang>
                        <orth>luft, luktur</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                        <orth>luft, lukt</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                        <orth>Lucht</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>luft, lukt</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*luftu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>luft, luht</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>luft, lucht</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Lucht, Luft</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>East Frisian Low Saxon</lang>
                          <orth>Loft</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                          <orth>?</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*lufti</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>luft, luht</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>lucht, locht</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>lucht, lugt</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>lug</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Javindo</lang>
                          <orth>luch, luh</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Jersey Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>lœxt</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Sranan Tongo</lang>
                          <orth>loktu</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                          <orth>lucht</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*lufti</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>lyft, loft, lybt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>luft, lift</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>loft, lift</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>luft, lift</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*lufti</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>luft, lufte, *loft</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Luft</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>loft</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*lufti</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>luft, luht</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>luft, lucht</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>East Central German</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Pennsylvania German</lang>
                        <orth>Luft</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>לופֿט (luft)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*lufti</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>luft, luht</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>luft, lucht</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Luft, Loft, Loff, Luucht, Luuch, Luht, Lueht</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                          <orth>Luft</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>Luucht, Lut</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*lufti</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>luft, luht</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>luft, lucht</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Luft</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Czech</lang>
                          <orth>luft</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>luft</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Kashubian</lang>
                          <orth>lëft</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>Loft</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Polish</lang>
                          <orth>luft</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Silesian</lang>
                          <orth>luft</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*lufti</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>luft, luht</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>luft, lucht</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>luft, lugt</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Faroese</lang>
                        <orth>luft, luktur</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                        <orth>luft, lukt</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                        <orth>Lucht</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>luft, lukt</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*lufti</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>luft, luht</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>luft, lucht</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Lucht, Luft</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>East Frisian Low Saxon</lang>
                          <orth>Loft</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                          <orth>?</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>lopt</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>loft, luft</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>loft</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>loft</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Irish</lang>
                    <orth>lochta, lafta, lofta, lota, lochda</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>loft</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>loft</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>lopt</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>loft</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>lofte</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>loft</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>loft, laft</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>loft</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>loft, luft</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>loft</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>loft</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Irish</lang>
                    <orth>lochta, lafta, lofta, lota, lochda</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>loft</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>loft</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>loft</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>loft</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>lofte</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>loft</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>loft, laft</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌻𐌿𐍆𐍄𐌿𐍃 (luftus)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
