<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *-līkaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_līkaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="fulk2018" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/DLDN5DUK">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Robert D.</forename>
              <surname>Fulk</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>John Benjamins Publishing Company</publisher>
              <date>2018</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="krahe1969" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/6TKE9TIV">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Germanische Sprachwissenschaft III: Wortbildungslehre</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Hans</forename>
              <surname>Krahe</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Wolfgang</forename>
              <surname>Meid</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Walter de Gruyter</publisher>
              <date>1969</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_leyg_x3" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*leyg-</orth>
          <def>similar, like even, level (e.g. of a surface)</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_likaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-līkaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>-līkaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">liː.kɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛚᛁᚲᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1" type="function">
            <def>Modern English “-like, -ly”; forms adjectives from nouns and adjectives with the sense of 'similar to, characteristic of'</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From pre-Germanic <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*leyg-o-s</mentioned>, from Proto-Indo-European root <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_leyg_x3"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_leyg_x3">*leyg-</ref></mentioned> . The suffixal use developed within Germanic from its use as a second constituent in compounds. In the traditional analysis, <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-līkaz</mentioned> was mediated through Proto-Germanic <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto" target="#pgmc_lika"><ref target="#pgmc_lika">*līką</ref></mentioned>, so that compounds originally meant ‘having the body/form of X’ or ‘of X-kind’ <bibl corresp="#krahe1969" n="219, 226–27">Krahe &amp; Meid 1969: 219, 226–27</bibl>. Fulk <bibl corresp="#fulk2018" n="203  n. 7, 238" ana="#omit-author">2018: 203  n. 7, 238</bibl>, however, argues that it is simpler to regard <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-līkaz</mentioned> as adjectival from the start. </seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>-līkaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>-līkō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>-līką, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>-līkai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>-līkôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>-līkō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>-līkanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>-līkǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>-līką, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>-līkanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>-līkōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>-līkō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>-līkas, -līkis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>-līkaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>-līkas, -līkis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>-līkaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>-līkaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>-līkaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>-līkammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>-līkaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>-līkammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>-līkaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>-līkaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>-līkaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>-līkanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>-līkaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>-līkanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>-līkaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>-līkaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>-līkaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>-līkô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>-līkǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>-līkô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>-līkaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>-līkōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>-līkōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>-līkanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>-līkōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>-līkô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>-līkanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>-līkōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>-līkōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>-līkiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>-līkōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>-līkiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>-līkanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>-līkōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>-līkanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>-līkini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>-līkōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>-līkini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>-līkammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>-līkōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>-līkammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>-līkinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>-līkōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>-līkinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>-līkammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>-līkōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>-līkammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-līk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>-līk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>-lijc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>-lijk</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>-lik</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Jersey Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>-lik, -lek, -lā́ik</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-līk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>-līċ, -lēċ, -līh, -lī</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>-ly, -li, -lych, -lich, -lik, -lig</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>-ly</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>-lie</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-līk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>-līk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>-elk</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>-lyk</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-līk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>-līh</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>-lich</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>-lich</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>-lech</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>־לעך (-lekh)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-līk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>-līk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>-līk, -lik, -lick</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>-lich, -lig, -lik, -lick, -li, -elk</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>-lich</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>-ligr, -líkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>-ligur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>-legur</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>-ligr, -líkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>-lig</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>-lig</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>-lig</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>-ligr, -líkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>-līker</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>-lig</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>-𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃 (-leiks)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
