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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *līmaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_līmaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_alino" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ἀλίνω</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>alínō</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to smear</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_lino" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>linō</orth>
          <def>to smear</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_layate" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>लयते</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>layate</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to cling</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_s_ley" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*(s)ley-</orth>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_limaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/līmaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>līmaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈliː.mɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛚᛁᛗᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>glue, lime</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Within Germanic, related to *laimaz (‘loam, mud, clay’), *laizą (‘clay’) (whence Old Norse leir).</seg>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *h₂leyH-mo- (whence also līmus (‘mud’)), from *h₂leyH- (‘smear’); compare Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_layate"><ref target="#cog_san_layate">लयते</ref></mentioned> (layate, ‘to cling’), Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_alino"><ref target="#cog_grc_alino">ἀλίνω</ref></mentioned> (alínō, ‘to smear’), Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_lino"><ref target="#cog_lat_lino">linō</ref></mentioned> (‘to smear’).</seg>
            <seg type="p">Alternatively, from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_ley"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_ley">*(s)ley-</ref></mentioned> (‘sticky, slimy’), in which case it is cognate with *slīmą (‘slime, mucus’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>līmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>līmōz, līmōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>līmą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>līmanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>līmas, līmis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>līmǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>līmai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>līmamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>līmō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>līmamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>līm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>līmōz, līmōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*līm</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*līm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>lijm</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>liem</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*līm</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*līm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>lijm</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>lijm</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>lym</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Caribbean Javanese</lang>
                          <orth>lèm</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Indonesian</lang>
                          <orth>lem</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>liem</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Papiamentu</lang>
                          <orth>leim, lijm, lym, leimu</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*līm</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>līm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>lym, lim, lime, lyme</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>lime</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*līm</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*līm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>lym</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*līm</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>līm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>līm</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>Laam, Loam</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Leim</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Läim</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Pennsylvania German</lang>
                        <orth>Leim</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*līm</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>līm</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>lîm</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Estonian</lang>
                        <orth>liim</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>lím</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>lim</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Finnish</lang>
                    <orth>liima</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>lím</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>lim</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>lim</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>lim</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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