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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *līną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_līną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_lina" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/līną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>līną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈliː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛚᛁᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>flax</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Likely from Proto-Indo-European *līno-.</seg>
            <seg type="p">Cognates include Latin līnum and all its derivatives.</seg>
            <seg type="p">Although Greek λίνον (línon), Latin linas, Russian лён (ljon) are sometimes listed as cognates, they actually derive from *lino- with a short /i/.</seg>
            <seg type="p">Considering also the existence of a Latin root with a short /i/ and a /t/ (linteum), reconstruction of a common PIE protoform is impossible, and no similarly sounding terms are attested outside of Europe.</seg>
            <seg type="p">If such roots were borrowed from one or several non-IE languages, locating the source is impossible because cultivation of linen was ubiquitous in the region since the Neolithic.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>līną</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>līnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>līną</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>līnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>līnas, līnis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>līnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>līnai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>līnamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>līnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>līnamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>līną</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>līnō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*līn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*līn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>lijn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>lijn</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*līn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>līn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>lin, line</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>line</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>line, lyne</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*līn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>līn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Lien</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>lyn</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*līn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>līn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>līn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Lein</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>łȧjn</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*līn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>līn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>lîn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Lien</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᛚᛁᚾᚨ (lina)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>lín</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>lin</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>linned</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>lín</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>linned</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>lín</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>linned</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                      <orth>lin</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>linned</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᛚᛁᚾᚨ (lina)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>lín</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>līn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>lin</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌽 (lein)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*liina</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>*lijnē</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Kildin Sami</lang>
                    <orth>лыййн (lyjjn)</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Northern Sami</lang>
                    <orth>liidni</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Southern Sami</lang>
                    <orth>lijnie</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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