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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *līþaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_līþaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ave_irithiieiti" xml:lang="ave" type="cognate">
          <orth>𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬚𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ⁱriθiieⁱti</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to die, pass away</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_loite" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>λοίτη</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>loítē</orth>
          </form>
          <def>tomb</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_leyt" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*leyt-</orth>
          <def>to go, depart, die</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_litus" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>lītus</orth>
          <def>shore; coast</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_xto_lita" xml:lang="xto" type="cognate">
          <orth>litā-</orth>
          <def>to pass on</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_lithana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/līþaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>līþaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈliː.θɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛚᛁᚦᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to go; pass</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to go through</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_leyt"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_leyt">*leyt-</ref></mentioned> (‘to go, depart, die’). Cognate with Tocharian A <mentioned xml:lang="xto" target="#cog_xto_lita"><ref target="#cog_xto_lita">litā-</ref></mentioned> (‘to pass on’), Avestan <mentioned xml:lang="ave" target="#cog_ave_irithiieiti"><ref target="#cog_ave_irithiieiti">𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬚𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬌𐬙𐬌</ref></mentioned> (ⁱriθiieⁱti, ‘to die, pass away’), Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_loite"><ref target="#cog_grc_loite">λοίτη</ref></mentioned> (loítē, ‘tomb’), Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_litus"><ref target="#cog_lat_litus">lītus</ref></mentioned> (‘shore, beach’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>līþō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>līþaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>līþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>līþizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>līþaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>līþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>līþazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>līþaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>līþidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>līþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>līþadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>līþadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>līþaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>līþōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>līþaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>līþadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>līþaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>līþadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>līþamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>līþaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>līþandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>līþaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>līþid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>līþaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>līþid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>līþandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>līþaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>līþandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>līþain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>līþandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>līþandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>līþaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>laiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>lidį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>laist</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>lidīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>laiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>lidī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>lidū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>lidīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>lidudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>lidīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>lidum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>lidīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>lidud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>lidīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>lidun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>lidīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>līþandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>lidanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>līþaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*līþan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>līthan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>liden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>lieje</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*līþan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>līthan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>liden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>lijden, lijen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>ly</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>lyd, lyden, lijden, leiden</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*līþan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>līþan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>liþen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*līþan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>lītha</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>liede</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>lyen, lye, lit, lije</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*līþan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>līdan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>līden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>liide, lide</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>leiden</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                        <orth>leide</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>leiden</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*līþan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>līthan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>lîden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>lieden</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>líða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>lide</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>líða</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>líða</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>lide</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Scots</lang>
                    <orth>lide</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>líða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>līþa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>lida</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽 (*leiþan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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