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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *-lōną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_lōną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="krahe1969" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/6TKE9TIV">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Germanische Sprachwissenschaft III: Wortbildungslehre</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Hans</forename>
              <surname>Krahe</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Wolfgang</forename>
              <surname>Meid</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Walter de Gruyter</publisher>
              <date>1969</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_lona" type="suffix" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-lōną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>-lōną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">lɔː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛚᛟᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>suffix</pos>
            <gram type="suffixType">verb</gram>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1" type="function">
            <def>forms Weak class 2 verbs, often with iterative, frequentative, attenuative, or diminutive force; roughly ‘to do repeatedly, lightly, or in a characteristic manner’</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Probably abstracted within Proto-Germanic from denominal or deadjectival Weak class 2 verbs with the common<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto"> -l-</mentioned> suffix seen in PGmc (e.g., forming adjectives, agent nouns, diminutive, and instrument nouns in <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-ila-</mentioned> and its variants) <bibl corresp="#krahe1969" n="263–64">Krahe &amp; Meid 1969: 263–64</bibl>. Proto-Germanic had a number of verbal suffixes that were created by extracting an original stem-final consonant (in this case, <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-l</mentioned>) and then attaching it to the beginning of Weak Class 2 verb suffix <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-ōną</mentioned> (<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-l</mentioned> + *<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">-ōną</mentioned> &gt; <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-lōną</mentioned>). The same process was used to create verbal suffixes <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_inona"><ref target="#pgmc_inona">*-inōną</ref></mentioned> and <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_isona"><ref target="#pgmc_isona">*-isōną</ref></mentioned>. It may have been a Proto-Northwest Germanic innovation, since this suffix is not attested in Gothic.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>-lōdǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>-lōdēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>-lōdēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>-lōdēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>-lō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>-lōdē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>-lōdēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>-lōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>-lōdēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>-lōdēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>-lōdēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>-lōdēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>-lōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>-lōdēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>-lōdēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>-lōdēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>-lōdēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>-lōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>-lōdēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>-lōdēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>-lōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>-lōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>-lōsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>-lōsau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>-lōþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>-lōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>-lōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>-lōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>-lōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>-lōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>-lōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>-lōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>-lōdǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>-lōdēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>-lōdēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>-lōdēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>-lōdē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>-lōdēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>-lōdēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>-lōdēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>-lōdēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>-lōdēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>-lōdēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>-lōdēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>-lōdēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>-lōdēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>-lōdēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>-lōdēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>-lōndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>-lōdaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>-lōną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>-lon</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>-elen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>-elen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>-lian</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>-lien, -len, -elen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>-le</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                  <orth>-lia</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>-je</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>-ele, -elje</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>-je</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>-lōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>-eln</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>-eln</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>-lōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>-len, -eln</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Low German</lang>
                      <orth>-eln</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>-la</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>-le</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>-la</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>-la</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>-la</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>-la</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>-le</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>-la</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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