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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *lūtaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_lūtaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_lewd" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*lewd-</orth>
          <def>to duck, crouch, feign, cringe, become small</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_liudnas" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>liū̃dnas</orth>
          <def>sad</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sga_lott" xml:lang="sga" type="cognate">
          <orth>lott</orth>
          <def>damage, destruction</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_lutana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/lūtaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>lūtaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈluː.tɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛚᚢᛏᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to bow down, lout</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_lewd"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_lewd">*lewd-</ref></mentioned> (‘to duck, crouch, feign, cringe, become small’), a root whose purported descendants are uncertain, but which usually includes Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_liudnas"><ref target="#cog_lit_liudnas">liū̃dnas</ref></mentioned> (‘sad’), liū̃sti (‘to become sad’). By synchronic analysis, Kroonen takes the word as a back-formation from the iterative *luttōną (‘to stoop, droop’) (apparently from the same root), and tentatively compares Old Irish <mentioned xml:lang="sga" target="#cog_sga_lott"><ref target="#cog_sga_lott">lott</ref></mentioned> (‘damage, destruction’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>lūtō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>lūtaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>lūtai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>lūtizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>lūtaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>lūt</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>lūtazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>lūtaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>lūtidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>lūtai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>lūtadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>lūtadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>lūtaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>lūtōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>lūtaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>lūtadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>lūtaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>lūtadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>lūtamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>lūtaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>lūtandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>lūtaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>lūtid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>lūtaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>lūtid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>lūtandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>lūtaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>lūtandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>lūtain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>lūtandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>lūtandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>lūtaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>laut</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>lutį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>laust</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>lutīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>laut</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>lutī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>lutū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>lutīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>lutudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>lutīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>lutum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>lutīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>lutud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>lutīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>lutun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>lutīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>lūtandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>lutanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>lūtaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*lūtan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>lūtan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>louten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>lout</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>loot, lout</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>lúta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>lude</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>lauta</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>lúta</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>lúta</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>lute</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>lúta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>lūta</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>luta</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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