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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *makaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_makaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_masso" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>μάσσω</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>mássō</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to handle, knead</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_meg" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*meg-</orth>
          <def>to be comfortable, pleasant</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_megti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>mė́gti</orth>
          <def>to like</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sga_mam" xml:lang="sga" type="cognate">
          <orth>mám</orth>
          <def>yoke</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_makaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/makaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>makaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈmɑ.kɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛗᚨᚲᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>fit, suitable, agreeable, comfortable</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Of uncertain origin; there exist numerous formations across Indo-European branches with similar semantics and phonetics involving a bilabial nasal *m initial and a velar or palatovelar *k, *g, *ḱ, *ǵ final in the root, albeit with subtle phonetic issues that are difficult to reconcile.</seg>
            <seg type="p">Kroonen tentatively derives the adjective from a Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_meg"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_meg">*meg-</ref></mentioned> (‘to be comfortable, pleasant’), and connects Old Irish <mentioned xml:lang="sga" target="#cog_sga_mam"><ref target="#cog_sga_mam">mám</ref></mentioned> (‘yoke’) (&lt; *mag-mo-), Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_megti"><ref target="#cog_lit_megti">mė́gti</ref></mentioned> (‘to like’) (&lt; *meg-ye-). He rejects other theories, which take the form of the Indo-European root as *meh₂ǵ-, *meh₂ḱ- (‘to knead’) and connect Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_masso"><ref target="#cog_grc_masso">μάσσω</ref></mentioned> (mássō, ‘to handle, knead’) (see there for more), instead postulating that the original sense was more likely "to match, put together" rather than "to knead". However, Derksen considers the Lithuanian to derive from a different root, rendering Kroonen's theory more uncertain.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>makaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>makō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>maką, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>makai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>makôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>makō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>makanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>makǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>maką, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>makanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>makōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>makō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>makas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>makaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>makas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>makaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>makaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>makaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>makammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>makaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>makammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>makaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>makaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>makaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>makanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>makaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>makanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>makaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>makaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>makaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>makô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>makǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>makô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>makaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>makōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>makōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>makanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>makōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>makô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>makanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>makōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>makōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>makiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>makōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>makiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>makanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>makōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>makanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>makini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>makōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>makini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>makammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>makōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>makammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>makinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>makōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>makinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>makammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>makōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>makammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*mak</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*mak</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>mack</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>mak</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                          <orth>mak</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*mak</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*mak</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>mack</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>mackelijc</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>makkelijk</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*mak</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>mæc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>make</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*mak</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>mæc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old English</lang>
                      <orth>macalīċ</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle English</lang>
                        <orth>makli</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>mackly</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>makly</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*mak</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*mek</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>määk, meek</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>mäk</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*mak</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*mak</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>mak</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>mack, maak</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>makr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>makur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>makur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>mak</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>makr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>makligr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>makligur</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>maklegur</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>makelig</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>makeleg, makleg</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>makr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>makligr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>maklæk</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>magelig</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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