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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *malskaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_malskaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_malakos" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>μαλακός</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>malakós</orth>
          </form>
          <def>soft, weak</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_s_mel" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*(s)mel-</orth>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_malskaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/malskaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>malskaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈmɑl.skɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛗᚨᛚᛊᚲᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>soft, tender</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>touchy, sensitive</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>high-spirited; haughty, overconfident</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From earlier *malhskaz, from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_mel"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_mel">*(s)mel-</ref></mentioned> (‘to weaken, soften, crush, grind’), equivalent to *malh- + *-skaz. Cognate with Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_malakos"><ref target="#cog_grc_malakos">μαλακός</ref></mentioned> (malakós, ‘soft, weak’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>malskaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>malskō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>malską, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>malskai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>malskôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>malskō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>malskanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>malskǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>malską, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>malskanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>malskōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>malskō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>malskas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>malskaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>malskas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>malskaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>malskaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>malskaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>malskammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>malskaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>malskammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>malskaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>malskaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>malskaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>malskanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>malskaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>malskanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>malskaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>malskaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>malskaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>malskô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>malskǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>malskô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>malskaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>malskōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>malskōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>malskanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>malskōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>malskô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>malskanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>malskōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>malskōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>malskiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>malskōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>malskiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>malskanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>malskōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>malskanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>malskini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>malskōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>malskini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>malskammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>malskōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>malskammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>malskinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>malskōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>malskinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>malskammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>malskōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>malskammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*malsk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*malsc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>malsch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>mals</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*malsk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*malsk, *malscrōn, malscrunc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>malsch, malz</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*malsk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>malsk, malsc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>malsch, mals</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>malsk, mals, molsch</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Low German</lang>
                          <orth>malsig</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*malsk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                    <orth>*malskurōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old English</lang>
                      <orth>*malscrian</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle English</lang>
                        <orth>malskren, maskeren, masken</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>masker, mask</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Middle English</lang>
                          <orth>bimalscren</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*malsk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                    <orth>*malskurōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                      <orth>*malskrungu</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old English</lang>
                        <orth>malscrung</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                        <orth>malskrung</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍃𐌺𐍃 (*malsks)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌿𐌽𐍄𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐍃𐌺𐍃 (untilamalsks)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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