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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *managaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_managaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_cel-x-proto_menekkis" xml:lang="cel-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*menekkis</orth>
          <def>frequent</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_megh2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*méǵh₂-</orth>
          <def>large</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_m_nog" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*mъnogъ</orth>
          <def>many</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_managaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/managaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>managaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈmɑ.nɑ.ɣɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛗᚨᚾᚨᚷᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>many</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>much (large amount of)</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Likely from a substrate language of northwestern Europe. Proto-Celtic <mentioned xml:lang="cel-x-proto" target="#cog_cel-x-proto_menekkis"><ref target="#cog_cel-x-proto_menekkis">*menekkis</ref></mentioned> (‘frequent’), Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_m_nog"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_m_nog">*mъnogъ</ref></mentioned> (‘many’), Proto-Finno-Permic *mone (‘many, some’) are probably from the same source; according to Watkins, the Germanic, Slavic, and Celtic terms could all stem from a late (Northwestern) Proto-Indo-European *monogʰos., from *mengʰ-, *menegʰ- (‘many, sufficient’). Older theories instead derive this term from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_megh2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_megh2">*méǵh₂-</ref></mentioned> (‘large’) with a nasal infix.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>managaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>managō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>managą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>managai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>managôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>managō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>managanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>managǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>managą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>managanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>managōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>managō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>managas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>managaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>managas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>managaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>managaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>managaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>managammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>managaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>managammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>managaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>managaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>managaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>managanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>managaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>managanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>managaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>managaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>managaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>managô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>managǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>managô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>managaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>managōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>managōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>managanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>managōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>managô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>managanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>managōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>managōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>managiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>managōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>managiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>managanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>managōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>managanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>managini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>managōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>managini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>managammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>managōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>managammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>managinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>managōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>managinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>managammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>managōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>managammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*manag</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>manag, *menig</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>mēneg, mānig, mēnig</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>menig</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>menig</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*manag</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>maniġ, maneġ, moniġ, mæniġ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>mani, mane, magnie, maini, mainie, mange, manie, manige, maniȝ, many, meine, meni, menie, monei, moni, monie, moniȝ, mony, myny</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>many</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Geordie</lang>
                        <orth>mony</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>mony, monie</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>many</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*manag</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>monech, manich, monich, manch</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>manag, manig, mäning</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>manich, moonige, moonich</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>mannich</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*manag</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>manag, manac</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>manec, manic, menic</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>meng</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>mannich, männich</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>mannig, manch</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>muench, munch, munnech</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*manag</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>manag, maneg</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>mannich, mennich</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>männich</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>mangr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>mangur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>mang, mange</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>mang, mange</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>mangr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>manygh</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>mangen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>mangr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>margr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>marra, marrow</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>margur</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>margur</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>margh</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>mangr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>margr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>margher, marghin</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>marg</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>mangr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>manger</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>mången</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐍃 (manags)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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