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<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *manniskaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_manniskaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_manniskaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/manniskaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>manniskaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈmɑn.nis.kɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛗᚨᚾᛁᛊᚲᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>human</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *mann- + *-iskaz.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>manniskaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>manniskō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>manniską, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>manniskai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>manniskôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>manniskō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>manniskanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>manniskǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>manniską, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>manniskanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>manniskōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>manniskō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>manniskas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>manniskaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>manniskas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>manniskaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>manniskaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>manniskaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>manniskammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>manniskaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>manniskammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>manniskaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>manniskaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>manniskaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>manniskanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>manniskaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>manniskanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>manniskaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>manniskaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>manniskaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>manniskô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>manniskǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>manniskô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>manniskaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>manniskōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>manniskōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>manniskanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>manniskōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>manniskô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>manniskanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>manniskōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>manniskōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>manniskiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>manniskōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>manniskiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>manniskanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>manniskōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>manniskanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>manniskini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>manniskōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>manniskini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>manniskammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>manniskōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>manniskammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>manniskinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>manniskōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>manniskinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>manniskammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>manniskōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>manniskammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*mannisk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*mennisko</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>mensc, mensch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>mens</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*mannisk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>mennisċ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>mennesc, mennish, mænnisc, mannish</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>mennish, mannish</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*mannisk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>menniska, manniska</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>mansche</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Moanske</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>minske</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*mannisk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>mennisko, mennisk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>mensch, mensche</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Mänsch</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>Mensch</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Mensch</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Rhine Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Mensch</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>menś</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*mannisk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>mennisko, mennisk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>mensch, mensche</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>מענטש (mentsh)</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>mensch</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*mannisk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>mennisk, mennisko</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>mensche, minsche</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Mensch</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*mannisk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>mennisk, mennisko</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>mensche, minsche</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch Low Saxon</lang>
                          <orth>meanske, méénse</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*mannisk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>mennisk, mennisko</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>mensche, minsche</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German Low German</lang>
                          <orth>Minsch</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Hamburgisch</lang>
                            <orth>Mensch</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*mannisk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>mennisk, mennisko</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>mensche, minsche</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German Low German</lang>
                          <orth>Minsch</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Westphalian</lang>
                            <orth>?</orth>
                            <form type="descendant">
                              <lang>Paderbornisch</lang>
                              <orth>Mensk, Minsche</orth>
                            </form>
                            <form type="descendant">
                              <lang>Ravensbergisch-Lippisch</lang>
                              <orth>Minske</orth>
                            </form>
                            <form type="descendant">
                              <lang>Westmünsterlandisch</lang>
                              <orth>Mensk, Menske, Määnske, Määske, Mense, Mentse, Mainske, Maiske</orth>
                            </form>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*mannisk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>mennisk, mennisko</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                      <orth>manneskja</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>menneske</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Faroese</lang>
                        <orth>menniskja</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                        <orth>manneskja</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>menneske</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*mannisk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>mennisk, mennisko</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                      <orth>manneskja</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>mænniskia</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Swedish</lang>
                          <orth>människa</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>mennskr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>menskur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>mennskur, mennska</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>mennskr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>menske</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>mensk, mense</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>mennskr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>mænsker</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>mänska</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>mennska</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>menskur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>mennskur, mennska</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>mennska</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>menske</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>mensk, mense</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>mennska</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>mænsker</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>mänska</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 (mannisks)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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