<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *markō</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_markō</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_cel-x-proto_mrogis" xml:lang="cel-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*mrogis</orth>
          <def>region, country</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_morgs" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*mórǵs</orth>
          <def>edge, boundary, border</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_margo" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>margō</orth>
          <def>border, edge</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_marko" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/markō">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>markō</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈmɑr.kɔː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛗᚨᚱᚲᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ō-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>border, boundary</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>region, area</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_morgs"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_morgs">*mórǵs</ref></mentioned> (‘edge, boundary, border’), possibly from *merǵ- (‘to divide’). Cognate with Persian مَرْز (marz, ‘boundary, frontier’), Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_margo"><ref target="#cog_lat_margo">margō</ref></mentioned> (‘border, edge’), Proto-Celtic <mentioned xml:lang="cel-x-proto" target="#cog_cel-x-proto_mrogis"><ref target="#cog_cel-x-proto_mrogis">*mrogis</ref></mentioned> (‘region, country’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>markō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>markôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>markǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>markōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>markōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>markǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>markōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>markōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>markō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>markōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>markō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>markôz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*marku</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Medieval Latin</lang>
                    <orth>marca</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*marku</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*marka</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>marke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>mark</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*marku</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>mearc, merc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>marke, merke, mark</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>mark</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>merk, mark</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*marku</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>merk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Maak, Määrk</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>mark</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*marku</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>marka</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>marke, march, marc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Mark</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*marku</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>marka</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>marke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Mark</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*marku</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Suevic</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Galician</lang>
                      <orth>marco</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Portuguese</lang>
                      <orth>marco</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᛗᚨᚱᚲᚢ (*marku)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>mǫrk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>mørk</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>mörk</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>mork, mark</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᛗᚨᚱᚲᚢ (*marku)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>mǫrk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>mark</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>mark</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                          <orth>mark</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᛗᚨᚱᚲᚢ (*marku)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>mǫrk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Irish</lang>
                      <orth>marg</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Irish</lang>
                        <orth>marg</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᛗᚨᚱᚲᚢ (*marku)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>mǫrk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>mark</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>mark</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌺𐌰 (marka)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
