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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *marþraz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_marþraz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_chu_nevesta" xml:lang="chu" type="cognate">
          <orth>невѣста</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>nevěsta</orth>
          </form>
          <def>bride; weasel</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_meryo" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*meryo</orth>
          <def>young man, woman</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_marti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>marti̇̀</orth>
          <def>bride, daughter-in-law</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_marthraz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/marþraz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>marþraz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈmɑr.θrɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛗᚨᚱᚦᚱᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>marten</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Unknown. Kroonen has reconstructed the variants Proto-Germanic *marþu-, Proto-Germanic *marþra- und Proto-Germanic *marþa- and derived the primal form Proto-Germanic *marþru from those. Has been compared to Proto-Finnic *mäkrä but problematic due to phonetic reasons.</seg>
            <seg type="p">Torp has compared it morphosemantically to Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_marti"><ref target="#cog_lit_marti">marti̇̀</ref></mentioned> (‘bride, daughter-in-law’), due to Albanian nuselalë (“weasel, racoon”, literally “friendly bride”) and nusebukur (literally “beautiful bride”), Greek νυφίτσα (nyfítsa, “least weasel”, literally “little bride”), Italian donnola (“weasel, least weasel”, literally “little woman”) (likewise Portuguese doninha, slightly different is the metaphor in Spanish comadreja (literally “little godmother”)), Old Church Slavonic <mentioned xml:lang="chu" target="#cog_chu_nevesta"><ref target="#cog_chu_nevesta">невѣста</ref></mentioned> (nevěsta, ‘bride; weasel’). For the last compare Romanian nevăstuică (‘weasel, ferret’), Bulgarian невестулка (nevestulka, ‘least weasel’). If connected to Lithuanian marti̇̀, the entry would be derived from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_meryo"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_meryo">*meryo</ref></mentioned> (‘young man, woman’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>marþraz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>marþrōz, marþrōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>marþrą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>marþranz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>marþras, marþris</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>marþrǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>marþrai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>marþramaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>marþrō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>marþramiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>marþr</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>marþrōz, marþrōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*marþr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>martre</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>marter, māerter, martel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>marter</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                          <orth>marter</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*marþr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*marther</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Modder</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*marþr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>marther, mardar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>marder, merder, mader</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Määder, Maa(r)der, Moarder, Moodel, Morel</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                          <orth>Maa(r)deer, Moardeer</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                            <orth>Maardéier, Muerdéier</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*marþr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>marther, mardar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>marder, merder, mader</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Marder</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>Marder</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*marþr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*marthar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>marder</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Marder</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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