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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *maþlijaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_maþlijaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_mathlijana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/maþlijaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>maþlijaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈmɑθ.li.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛗᚨᚦᛚᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to speak</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *maþlą (‘speech, gathering, legal case’) + *-janą.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>maþlijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>maþlijaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>maþlijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>maþlīsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>maþlijais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>maþlī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>maþlijasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>maþlijaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>maþlīþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>maþlijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>maþlijaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>maþlijaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>maþlijaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>maþlijōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>maþlijaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>maþlijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>maþlijaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>maþlijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>maþlijamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>maþlijaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>maþlijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>maþlijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>maþlīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>maþlijaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>maþlīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>maþlijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>maþlijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>maþlijanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>maþlijain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>maþlijanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>maþlijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>maþlijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>maþlidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>maþlidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>maþlidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>maþlidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>maþlidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>maþlidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>maþlidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>maþlidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>maþlidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>maþlidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>maþlidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>maþlidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>maþlidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>maþlidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>maþlidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>maþlidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>maþlijandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>maþlidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>maþlijaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*maþlijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Late Latin</lang>
                    <orth>admallāre</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*maþlijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>mǣlan, mæþlan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>melen, mellen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>mell</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*maþlijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>mahalen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>mehelen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>vermählen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*maþlijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>mahlian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>melen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German Low German</lang>
                          <orth>afmelen, utmelen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>mæla</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>mæla</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>melä</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>mæla</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>mæle</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>mæla</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>mæla</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>mælæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>mæle</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scanian</lang>
                      <orth>mæla, møla, mælla</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>mæla</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>mǣla, mælla</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>mäla</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌼𐌰𐌸𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (maþljan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Crimean Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>malthata</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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