<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *melkaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_melkaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_melkana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/melkaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>melkaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈmel.kɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛗᛖᛚᚲᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to milk (get milk from an animal)</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *h₂melǵ-.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>melkō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>melkaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>melkai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>milkizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>melkaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>melk</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>melkazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>melkaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>milkidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>melkai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>melkadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>melkadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>melkaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>melkōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>melkaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>melkadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>melkaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>melkadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>melkamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>melkaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>melkandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>melkaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>milkid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>melkaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>milkid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>melkandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>melkaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>melkandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>melkain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>melkandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>melkandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>melkaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>malk</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>mulkį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>malht</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>mulkīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>malk</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>mulkī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>mulkū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>mulkīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>mulkudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>mulkīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>mulkum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>mulkīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>mulkud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>mulkīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>mulkun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>mulkīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>melkandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>mulkanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>melkaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*melkan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*melkan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>melken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>melken</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*melkan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>melcan, meolcan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>mylken, milke, melke, mulke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>milk</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>mulke</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*melkan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>melka</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>molke</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>meelke</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>melke, meltse</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*melkan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>melkan, melchan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>mëlken, mëlchen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>melken</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Esperanto</lang>
                          <orth>melki</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*melkan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*melkan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>melken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>melken</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
