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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *miskijaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_miskijaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_misgo" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>μίσγω</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>mísgō</orth>
          </form>
          <def>mix</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_mik_ske" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*miḱ-sḱé-</orth>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_misceo" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>misceō</orth>
          <def>mix</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_meksayati" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>मेक्षयति</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>mekṣáyati</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to mingle, mix</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sga_mescaid" xml:lang="sga" type="cognate">
          <orth>mescaid</orth>
          <def>mix</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_miskijana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/miskijaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>miskijaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈmis.ki.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛗᛁᛊᚲᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to mix, combine</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From earlier *mihsk-, from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_mik_ske"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_mik_ske">*miḱ-sḱé-</ref></mentioned> (*sḱé- inchoative present) (whence Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_misceo"><ref target="#cog_lat_misceo">misceō</ref></mentioned> (‘mix’), Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_misgo"><ref target="#cog_grc_misgo">μίσγω</ref></mentioned> (mísgō, ‘mix’)), from *meyǵ-, *meyḱ- (‘to mix, knead’). Cognate with *maiskaz, *maiskō (‘mixture’), Old Irish <mentioned xml:lang="sga" target="#cog_sga_mescaid"><ref target="#cog_sga_mescaid">mescaid</ref></mentioned> (‘mix’), Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_meksayati"><ref target="#cog_san_meksayati">मेक्षयति</ref></mentioned> (mekṣáyati, ‘to mingle, mix’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>miskijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>miskijaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>miskijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>miskīsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>miskijais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>miskī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>miskijasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>miskijaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>miskīþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>miskijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>miskijaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>miskijaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>miskijaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>miskijōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>miskijaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>miskijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>miskijaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>miskijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>miskijamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>miskijaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>miskijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>miskijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>miskīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>miskijaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>miskīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>miskijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>miskijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>miskijanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>miskijain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>miskijanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>miskijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>miskijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>miskidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>miskidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>miskidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>miskidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>miskidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>miskidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>miskidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>miskidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>miskidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>miskidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>miskidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>miskidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>miskidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>miskidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>miskidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>miskidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>miskijandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>miskidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>miskijaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*miskijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Frankish</lang>
                    <orth>*misken, *miscen, *misklōn, *misklinga</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>misken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>mischen, misschen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>misschen, missen, miesjen, meisjen</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                          <orth>miesje</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*miskijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Frankish</lang>
                    <orth>*misken, *miscen, *misklōn, *misklinga</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>misken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>mischen, misschen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>misschelen</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Dutch</lang>
                            <orth>misschelen, misselen</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*miskijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Frankish</lang>
                    <orth>*misken, *miscen, *misklōn, *misklinga</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>meslinges, meslance</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle French</lang>
                        <orth>meslange, mélange</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>French</lang>
                          <orth>mélange, mélanger</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*miskijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*mixian, miscian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>mixen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>mix</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*miskijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*mixian, miscian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>mixen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>mix</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>mixen</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Esperanto</lang>
                          <orth>miksi</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>mixen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*miskijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*miskia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>miskje</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>mjuksje</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*miskijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>miskian, misgēn, miskēn, miscilōn, miskilōn, miskelōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>mischen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>mischen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>mëschen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*miskijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*misken, *miskōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>mischen, meschen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>mischen, misken</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*miskōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Frankish</lang>
                    <orth>*misken, *miscen, *misklōn, *misklinga</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>misken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>mischen, misschen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>misschen, missen, miesjen, meisjen</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                          <orth>miesje</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*miskōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Frankish</lang>
                    <orth>*misken, *miscen, *misklōn, *misklinga</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>misken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>mischen, misschen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>misschelen</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Dutch</lang>
                            <orth>misschelen, misselen</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*miskōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Frankish</lang>
                    <orth>*misken, *miscen, *misklōn, *misklinga</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>meslinges, meslance</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle French</lang>
                        <orth>meslange, mélange</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>French</lang>
                          <orth>mélange, mélanger</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*miskōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*mixian, miscian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>mixen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>mix</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*miskōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*mixian, miscian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>mixen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>mix</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>mixen</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Esperanto</lang>
                          <orth>miksi</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>mixen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*miskōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*miskia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>miskje</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>mjuksje</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*miskōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>miskian, misgēn, miskēn, miscilōn, miskilōn, miskelōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>mischen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>mischen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>mëschen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*miskōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*misken, *miskōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>mischen, meschen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>mischen, misken</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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