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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *missa-</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_missa</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_missa" type="prefix" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/missa-">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>missa-</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">mis.sɑ</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛗᛁᛊᚨ-</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>prefix</pos>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1" type="function">
            <def>mis-, badly, wrongly</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *missaz.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*missa-</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>mis-</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>mis-</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>mis-</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>mis-</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*missa-</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>mis-</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>mys-, mes-, mis-</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>mis-</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>mis-</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*missa-</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>mis-</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>mis-</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>mis-</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*missa-</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>missa-, missi-</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>misse-</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>miss-, mis-</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*missa-</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>mis-</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>mis-, misse-</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>miss-</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*missa-</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>*messa-</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Occitan</lang>
                      <orth>mes-</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*missa-</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>*messa-</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>mes-</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle French</lang>
                        <orth>mes-</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>French</lang>
                          <orth>més-, mé-</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*missī-</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>mis-</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>mis-</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>mis-</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>mis-</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*missī-</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>mis-</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>mys-, mes-, mis-</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>mis-</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>mis-</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*missī-</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>mis-</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>mis-</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>mis-</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*missī-</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>missa-, missi-</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>misse-</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>miss-, mis-</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*missī-</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>mis-</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>mis-, misse-</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>miss-</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*missī-</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>*messa-</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Occitan</lang>
                      <orth>mes-</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*missī-</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>*messa-</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>mes-</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle French</lang>
                        <orth>mes-</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>French</lang>
                          <orth>més-, mé-</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>mis-</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>mis-</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>mis-</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>mis-</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>mis-</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>miss-</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍃𐌰- (missa-)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
