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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *munþaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_munþaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_cym_mant" xml:lang="cym" type="cognate">
          <orth>mant</orth>
          <def>mandible, gums</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_masaomai" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>μάσαομαι</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>másaomai</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to chew, bite</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_stoma" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>στόμα</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>stóma</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_hit_me_e_ni_i_meni" xml:lang="hit" type="cognate">
          <orth>𒈨𒂊𒉌𒄿</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>me-e-ni-i /⁠mēni⁠/</orth>
          </form>
          <def>face, cheek</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_mn_to_s" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*mn̥-tó-s</orth>
          <def>mouth, jaw</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_stemn" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*stemn-</orth>
          <def>mouth, muzzle</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_mando" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>mandō</orth>
          <def>to chew</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_mentum" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>mentum</orth>
          <def>chin</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_munthaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/munþaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>munþaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈmun.θɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛗᚢᚾᚦᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>mouth</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_mn_to_s"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_mn_to_s">*mn̥-tó-s</ref></mentioned> (‘mouth, jaw’), from *men- (‘chin’) + *-tós. Cognate with Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_mentum"><ref target="#cog_lat_mentum">mentum</ref></mentioned> (‘chin’), Welsh <mentioned xml:lang="cym" target="#cog_cym_mant"><ref target="#cog_cym_mant">mant</ref></mentioned> (‘mandible, gums’), Hittite <mentioned xml:lang="hit" target="#cog_hit_me_e_ni_i_meni"><ref target="#cog_hit_me_e_ni_i_meni">𒈨𒂊𒉌𒄿</ref></mentioned> (me-e-ni-i /⁠mēni⁠/, ‘face, cheek’). More speculatively, possibly related to Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_stemn"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_stemn">*stemn-</ref></mentioned> (‘mouth, muzzle’), whence *stamnijō (‘voice, sound’) (compare Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_stoma"><ref target="#cog_grc_stoma">στόμα</ref></mentioned> (stóma)), via earlier *stment-, in which case resemblance to the suffix *-mn̥ would be accidental. Compare also Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_masaomai"><ref target="#cog_grc_masaomai">μάσαομαι</ref></mentioned> (másaomai, ‘to chew, bite’), Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_mando"><ref target="#cog_lat_mando">mandō</ref></mentioned> (‘to chew’), though some details are disputed.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>munþaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>munþōz, munþōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>munþą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>munþanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>munþas, munþis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>munþǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>munþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>munþamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>munþō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>munþamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>munþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>munþōz, munþōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*munþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>munt, mūth</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>mont</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>móndj</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*munþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>munt, mūth</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>mont</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>mond, mondt, mont</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>mond</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Javindo</lang>
                          <orth>mon</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Petjo</lang>
                          <orth>mon</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Skepi Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>mont</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*munþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>munt, mūth</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>mont</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>mond, mondt, mont</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>mond, mon, mun, mont</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Virgin Islands Creole</lang>
                            <orth>mon, mout</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*munþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>mūþ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>mouth, moueþ, mouthe, mouþ, mouþe, muð, muth, muþ</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>mouth, maath</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>mooth</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>meouth, moweth, mouth</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*munþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>mūth, mund, mond</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>*Mund</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>mûn</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*munþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>mūth, mund, mond</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>mûde, mûye</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>muide, mui</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*munþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>mund</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>munt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Mund</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Mond</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*munþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>mūth, mund</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>munt, mont</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Mund</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German Low German</lang>
                          <orth>Mund</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>mund, mun</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>muðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>muð, munn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>English</lang>
                    <orth>mun</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>munnur, muður</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>mun</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>munnur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>moinnj</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>munn</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>muðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>mun</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>mund</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>muðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>munder</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>mun</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>munnr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>muð, munn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>English</lang>
                    <orth>mun</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>munnur, muður</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>mun</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>munnur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>moinnj</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>munn</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>munnr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>mun</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>mund</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>munnr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>munder</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>mun</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃 (munþs)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
