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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *mōtaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_mōtaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_motana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/mōtaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>mōtaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈmɔː.tɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛗᛟᛏᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Preterite-present</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to be allowed, to be permitted to, may</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">A preterite-present derived from a secondary perfect of *mḗd-e-ti (‘to measure, ensure compliance, take care of’): *me-mṓd-e (literally “to have measured, taken care of”). Alternatively, from the same root as *mōtą (‘meeting’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>mōt</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>mōtį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>mōst</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>mōtīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>mōt</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>mōtī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>mōtū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>mōtīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>mōtudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>mōtīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>mōtum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>mōtīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>mōtud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>mōtīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>mōtun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>mōtīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>mōsǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>mōsēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>mōsēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>mōsēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>mōsē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>mōsēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>mōsēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>mōsēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>mōsēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>mōsēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>mōsēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>mōsēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>mōsēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>mōsēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>mōsēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>mōsēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>mōtandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>mōsaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>mōtaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*mōtan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>muotan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>moeten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>mótte</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*mōtan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>muotan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>moeten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>moeten</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>moet</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Berbice Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>mu, muti</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>moet, moe, mo, mut</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Sranan Tongo</lang>
                          <orth>moe</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*mōtan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>mōtan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>moten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>mote</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>mote, mot, moit</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*mōtan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>mōtan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old English</lang>
                      <orth>mōste</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle English</lang>
                        <orth>moste</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>must</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>moste, most, moist</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*mōtan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>mōt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>moute</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>moatte</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*mōtan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>muozan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>muozen, müezen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>müese, müesse</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>miassn</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>müssen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Rhine Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>מוזן (muzn)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*mōtan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>muozan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>muozen, müezen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>mösse, mosse, moße, misse, mieße, muße</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                          <orth>misse</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>mussen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*mōtan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>muozan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>muozen, müezen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Czech</lang>
                        <orth>musiti, musěti</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Czech</lang>
                          <orth>musit, muset</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Slovak</lang>
                          <orth>musieť</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*mōtan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>muozan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>muozen, müezen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Czech</lang>
                        <orth>musiti, musěti</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Old Polish</lang>
                          <orth>musieć, musić</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Silesian</lang>
                            <orth>musieć</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*mōtan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>muozan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>muozen, müezen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Czech</lang>
                        <orth>musiti, musěti</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Old Polish</lang>
                          <orth>musieć, musić</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Old Ruthenian</lang>
                            <orth>мусити (musiti), мусѣти (musěti), мусꙗти (musjati)</orth>
                            <form type="descendant">
                              <lang>Belarusian</lang>
                              <orth>му́сіць (músicʹ)</orth>
                            </form>
                            <form type="descendant">
                              <lang>Ukrainian</lang>
                              <orth>му́сити (músyty)</orth>
                            </form>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*mōtan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>muozan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>muozen, müezen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Czech</lang>
                        <orth>musiti, musěti</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Old Polish</lang>
                          <orth>musieć, musić</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Polish</lang>
                            <orth>musieć, musić</orth>
                            <form type="descendant">
                              <lang>Kashubian</lang>
                              <orth>mùszec</orth>
                            </form>
                            <form type="descendant">
                              <lang>Slovincian</lang>
                              <orth>mùszec</orth>
                            </form>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*mōtan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>mōtan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>môten, moste</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>möten</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*mōtan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>mōtan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>môten, moste</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>most</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Swedish</lang>
                          <orth>måste</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌲𐌰𐌼𐍉𐍄𐌰𐌽 (gamōtan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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