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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *mūlą</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_mūlą</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_mullon" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>μύλλον</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>múllon</orth>
          </form>
          <def>lip</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_muh_lo_s" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*muH-lo-s</orth>
          <def>lips, muzzle</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_mula" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>मूल</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>mū́la</orth>
          </form>
          <def>root</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_mula" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/mūlą">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>mūlą</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈmuː.lɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛗᚢᛚᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>muzzle</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">(SS: See Kroonen 2017, &lt; *muh₃-tló  zero-grade of meuh₃ (‘??’) I don’t see this root anywhere so may have to go with *mluH-tló instead…hope you got this far!!! 6/5/2026 ). Possibly from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_muh_lo_s"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_muh_lo_s">*muH-lo-s</ref></mentioned> (‘lips, muzzle’), from a root *mew- (‘to chew’) with no certain cognates outside of Germanic. Has been compared with Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_mullon"><ref target="#cog_grc_mullon">μύλλον</ref></mentioned> (múllon, ‘lip’), though the origin of the double λ is uncertain. Note also similarities to Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_mula"><ref target="#cog_san_mula">मूल</ref></mentioned> (mū́la, ‘root’), which if related, would be interpreted as a "muzzle (for plants to drink water from the soil)".</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>mūlą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>mūlō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>mūlą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>mūlō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>mūlas, mūlis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>mūlǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>mūlai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>mūlamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>mūlō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>mūlamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>mūlą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>mūlō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*mūl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*mūl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>muul</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>muil</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>muil</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*mūl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*mūl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>mūl</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Muul</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Muul</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Maul</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Maul</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>מויל (moyl)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*mūl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*mūl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>mūl</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                          <orth>maul</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*mūl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*mūl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>mûl</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Muul</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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