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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *-naną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_naną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="ringe2017" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/JNX9KYWA">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English, 2nd edition)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Don</forename>
              <surname>Ringe</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Oxford</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher>
              <date>2017</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_san_na_ni" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>-णा- / -ण-</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>-nā-/-nī-</orth>
          </form>
          <def type="function">forms transitive, agentive, and telic verbs</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sga_na" xml:lang="sga" type="cognate">
          <orth>-na-</orth>
          <def type="function">forms nasal present stems</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_noti" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*-nǫti</orth>
          <def>forms inchoative verbs; verbs that denote gradual acquisition of properties, and perfective verbs</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_bat_in_ina" xml:lang="bat" type="cognate">
          <orth>-in-/-ina-</orth>
          <def type="function">forms causative/factitive verbs</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_nana" type="suffix" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-naną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>-naną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">nɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚾᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>suffix</pos>
            <gram type="suffixType">verb</gram>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 4</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1" type="function">
            <def>forms intransitive fientive or inchoative verbs, usually with the sense ‘to become X, come into the state X’; often deadjectival or deverbal</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Early Proto-Germanic <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-nō- ~ *-na-</mentioned> + <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-ną (</mentioned>infinitive suffix), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-néh₂- ~ *-n̥h₂-</mentioned>, the nasal-present suffix that arose by reanalysis of nasal-infixed presents to laryngeal-final roots. The suffix formed chiefly fientive or inchoative intransitives in PGmc, often from zero-grade verbal bases or adjectives <bibl corresp="#ringe2017" n="201–203">Ringe 2017: 201–203</bibl>. Cognate or closely parallel formations include <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_na_ni"><ref target="#cog_san_na_ni">-णा- / -ण-</ref></mentioned>, Old Irish <mentioned xml:lang="sga" target="#cog_sga_na"><ref target="#cog_sga_na">-na-</ref></mentioned>, Baltic <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_bat_in_ina"><ref target="#cog_bat_in_ina">-in-/-ina-</ref></mentioned>, and Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_noti"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_noti">*-nǫti</ref></mentioned>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <note type="Note">
            <head>Note</head>
            <p>This suffix was preserved as a separate class only in Gothic. In Old High German, it mostly merged with the third weak class, while in the other descendants it merged with the second weak class.</p>
          </note>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>-nō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>-naų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>-nōsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>-nais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>-nō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>-nōþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>-nai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>-nōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>-nōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>-naiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>-naþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>-naiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>-naþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>-namaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>-naim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>-naþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>-naiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>-naþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>-nanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>-nain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>-nanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>-nōdǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>-nōdēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>-nōdēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>-nōdēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>-nōdē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>-nōdēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #du">
              <orth>-nōdēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #du">
              <orth>-nōdēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #du">
              <orth>-nōdēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #du">
              <orth>-nōdēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>-nōdēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>-nōdēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>-nōdēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>-nōdēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>-nōdēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>-nōdēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>-nōdǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>-nōdēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>-nōdēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>-nōdēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>-nōdē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>-nōdēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>-nōdēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>-nōdēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>-nōdēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>-nōdēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>-nōdēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>-nōdēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>-nōdēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>-nōdēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>-nōdēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>-nōdēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>-nandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>-naną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-nan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>-nian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>-nen, -enen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>-en</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>-in</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-nan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>-nēn</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>-na</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>-ne</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>-na</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>-na</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>-na</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>-na</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>-ne</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>-na</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>-𐌽𐌰𐌽 (-nan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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