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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *naudijaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_naudijaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_naudijana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/naudijaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>naudijaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈnɑu̯.ði.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚾᚨᚢᛞᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to compel, to force</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *naudiz (‘need’) + *-janą.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>naudijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>naudijaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>naudijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>naudīsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>naudijais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>naudī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>naudijasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>naudijaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>naudīþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>naudijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>naudijaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>naudijaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>naudijaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>naudijōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>naudijaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>naudijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>naudijaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>naudijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>naudijamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>naudijaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>naudijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>naudijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>naudīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>naudijaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>naudīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>naudijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>naudijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>naudijanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>naudijain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>naudijanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>naudijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>naudijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>naudidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>naudidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>naudidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>naudidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>naudidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>naudidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>naudidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>naudidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>naudidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>naudidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>naudidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>naudidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>naudidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>naudidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>naudidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>naudidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>naudijandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>naudidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>naudijaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*naudijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*nōdon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>nôden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>noden</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                          <orth>noadzje</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*naudijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>nīedan, nīdan, nȳdan, nēdan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>neden, nede, niede</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>need</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>needeth</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*naudijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>nēda</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>needzje</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*naudijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>nōten</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>nœten</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*naudijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>nōdian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>nȫden, nôden</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>neyða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>nøde</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>neyða</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (nauþjan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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