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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *naudiz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_naudiz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_naudiz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/naudiz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>naudiz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈnɑu̯.ðiz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚾᚨᚢᛞᛁᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">i-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>need</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>trouble, distress</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>compulsion, force</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="4">
            <def>name of the rune ᚾ (n)</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *neh₂w-tí-s, a *ti- stem related to the root of *nawiz (‘corpse’). See also Old Norse neyða (‘to force’), Gothic 𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (nauþjan).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>naudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>naudīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>naudį</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>naudinz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>naudīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>naudijǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>naudī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>naudimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>naudī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>naudimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>naudi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>naudīz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*naudi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>nōt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>nôot</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>nood</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>nood</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>nood</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Papiamentu</lang>
                          <orth>nodi</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*naudi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>nōt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>nôot</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>nood</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Sranan Tongo</lang>
                          <orth>nowtu</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Saramaccan</lang>
                            <orth>noútu</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*naudi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>nīed, nȳd, nēd, nēad, nēod</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>nede</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>need</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>nede</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*naudi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>nēd, nād</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>nud</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Nood</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>need</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*naudi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>nōt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>nōt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Not</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Nout</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>נויט (noyt)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*naudi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>nōd</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>nōt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Noot</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*naudi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>nōd</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>nōt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Nood</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Westphalian</lang>
                          <orth>?</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚾᚨᚢᛞᛁᛉ (*naudiʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>nauð, nauðr, neyð</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>neyð</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>nauð, neyð</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>naud</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚾᚨᚢᛞᛁᛉ (*naudiʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>nauð, nauðr, neyð</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>nød</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>nød</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                          <orth>nød</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚾᚨᚢᛞᛁᛉ (*naudiʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>nauð, nauðr, neyð</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>nø̄þ</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>nöd</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌽𐌰𐌿𐌸𐍃 (nauþs)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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