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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *nehw</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_nehw</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_neque" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>neque</orth>
          <def>nor</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_nehw" type="conjunction" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/nehw">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>nehw</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈnexʷ</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚾᛖᚺᚹ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>conjunction</pos>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>nor, and not</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *nekʷe. Equivalent to *ne + *-hw. Cognate with Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_neque"><ref target="#cog_lat_neque">neque</ref></mentioned> (‘nor’), Proto-Celtic *nekʷe.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*nehw</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                    <orth>*nehwain, *nehain</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>nehein, ghein, chein</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>negeen, gein</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>geen</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                          <orth>gjin</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*nehw</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                    <orth>*nehwain, *nehain</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old High German</lang>
                      <orth>nehein, nihein</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>nehein, nihein, nechein, nichein, nekein</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                          <orth>kein</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>German</lang>
                            <orth>kein</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*nehw</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                    <orth>*nehwain, *nehain</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                      <orth>nihēn, niēn, nigēn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                        <orth>nechên, gên, kein</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German Low German</lang>
                          <orth>geen, gien, keen, kien</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*nehw</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                    <orth>*nehwan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old English</lang>
                      <orth>nefne, nemne, nymne, nemþe, nymþe, nimþe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*nehw</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                    <orth>*nehwan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>novan, navo, nova</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>novanthoh</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*nehw</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                    <orth>*nehwan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old High German</lang>
                      <orth>niwan</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>niwen, niuwen, niewen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*nehw</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                    <orth>*nehwan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                      <orth>newan, niwan, nowan, newa, neva, nevo, nevu</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                        <orth>mēven</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*nehu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                    <orth>*nehwain, *nehain</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>nehein, ghein, chein</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>negeen, gein</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>geen</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                          <orth>gjin</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*nehu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                    <orth>*nehwain, *nehain</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old High German</lang>
                      <orth>nehein, nihein</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>nehein, nihein, nechein, nichein, nekein</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                          <orth>kein</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>German</lang>
                            <orth>kein</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*nehu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                    <orth>*nehwain, *nehain</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                      <orth>nihēn, niēn, nigēn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                        <orth>nechên, gên, kein</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German Low German</lang>
                          <orth>geen, gien, keen, kien</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*nehu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                    <orth>*nehwan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old English</lang>
                      <orth>nefne, nemne, nymne, nemþe, nymþe, nimþe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*nehu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                    <orth>*nehwan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>novan, navo, nova</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>novanthoh</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*nehu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                    <orth>*nehwan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old High German</lang>
                      <orth>niwan</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>niwen, niuwen, niewen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*nehu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                    <orth>*nehwan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                      <orth>newan, niwan, nowan, newa, neva, nevo, nevu</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                        <orth>mēven</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*neh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                    <orth>*nehwain, *nehain</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>nehein, ghein, chein</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>negeen, gein</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>geen</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                          <orth>gjin</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*neh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                    <orth>*nehwain, *nehain</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old High German</lang>
                      <orth>nehein, nihein</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>nehein, nihein, nechein, nichein, nekein</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                          <orth>kein</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>German</lang>
                            <orth>kein</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*neh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                    <orth>*nehwain, *nehain</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                      <orth>nihēn, niēn, nigēn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                        <orth>nechên, gên, kein</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German Low German</lang>
                          <orth>geen, gien, keen, kien</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*neh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                    <orth>*nehwan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old English</lang>
                      <orth>nefne, nemne, nymne, nemþe, nymþe, nimþe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*neh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                    <orth>*nehwan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>novan, navo, nova</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>novanthoh</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*neh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                    <orth>*nehwan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old High German</lang>
                      <orth>niwan</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>niwen, niuwen, niewen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*neh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                    <orth>*nehwan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                      <orth>newan, niwan, nowan, newa, neva, nevo, nevu</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                        <orth>mēven</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>né</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>né</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌽𐌹𐌷 (nih)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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