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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *nemaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_nemaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_nem_e" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*ném-e</orth>
          <def>to allocate</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_nemana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/nemaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>nemaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈne.mɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚾᛖᛗᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 4</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to take</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Probably from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_nem_e"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_nem_e">*ném-e</ref></mentioned> (‘to allocate’). The meaning developed from the middle voice “to allocate to oneself”. Kroonen however follows an alternative derivation of Kortlandt's from *h₁em- (‘to take, distribute’), with the initial *n- rebracketed from the perfective prefix *ga- (derived from nasal-final Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>nemō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>nemaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>nemai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>nimizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>nemaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>nem</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>nemazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>nemaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>nimidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>nemai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>nemadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>nemadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>nemaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>nemōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>nemaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>nemadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>nemaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>nemadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>nemamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>nemaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>nemandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>nemaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>nimid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>nemaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>nimid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>nemandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>nemaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>nemandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>nemain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>nemandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>nemandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>nemaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>nam</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>nēmį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>namt</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>nēmīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>nam</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>nēmī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>nēmū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>nēmīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>nēmudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>nēmīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>nēmum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>nēmīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>nēmud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>nēmīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>nēmun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>nēmīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>nemandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>numanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>nemaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*neman</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>neman</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>nēmen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>naeme, nömme</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*neman</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>neman</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>nēmen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>nemen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>neem</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Jersey Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>nême</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>neem</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Skepi Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>nemek, name</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*neman</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>niman</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>nimen, nymen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>nim, numb</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>nim</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*neman</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>nima, nema</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>níeme</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>nimme</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*neman</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>nëman</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>nëmen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>nää, nee, nèè, nä, në</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>nemme</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                        <orth>nemmen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>nehmen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Rhine Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>naoma</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>נעמען (nemen)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*neman</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>niman, neman</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>nēmen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>nehmen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>nema</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>nema</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>nema</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>nema</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Scanian</lang>
                    <orth>nimma</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>nema</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>næmæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>nemme</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>nema</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>nima</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>nimma, förnimma</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌽𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽 (niman)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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