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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *neurô</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_neurô</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_nephros" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>νεφρός</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>nephrós</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_praeneste" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>nefrōnēs pl</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>Praeneste</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_neuro" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/neurô">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>neurô</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈneu̯.rɔːː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚾᛖᚢᚱᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">an-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>kidney</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>testicle</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *négʷʰrō. Cognate with Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_praeneste"><ref target="#cog_lat_praeneste">nefrōnēs pl</ref></mentioned> (Praeneste), nebrundinēs pl (Lanuvium), Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_nephros"><ref target="#cog_grc_nephros">νεφρός</ref></mentioned> (nephrós), all meaning both “kidney” and “testicle”.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>neurô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>neuraniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>neuranų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>neuranunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>niuriniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>neuranǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>niurini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>neurammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>niurinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>neurammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>neurô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>neuraniz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*neurō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*nioro</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>niere</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>neer</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*neurō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*nioro</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>niere</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>nier</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>nier</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>nier</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Papiamentu</lang>
                          <orth>nir, nier</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*neurō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*nēora, *nīora</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>nēre, neere</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>near</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>neer, nere, neir</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*neurō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*nēora, *nīora</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>nēre, neere</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle English</lang>
                        <orth>kidenēre, kidnēre</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>kidney</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*neurō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*niura, *niūra, *niūre</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Njúre</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>nier</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*neurō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>nioro</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>niere</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                        <orth>Nier</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Néier</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>ניר (nir)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*neurō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>nioro</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>niere</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Niere</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>Nier</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*neurō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*nioro</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>nêre</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Niere, Nier, Neer</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Nia</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>nýra</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>niųora, niųore</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>nýra</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>nýra</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>nyr</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>nyre</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>vig-niauri</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>nýra</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>nyræ, niuræ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>nyre</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>nýra</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>niūre</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>njure</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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