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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *neutaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_neutaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_newd" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*newd-</orth>
          <def>to acquire, make use of</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_nauda" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>naudà</orth>
          <def>utility, usefulness, note</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_nuda" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*nùďa</orth>
          <def>need, necessity</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_neutana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/neutaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>neutaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈneu̯.tɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚾᛖᚢᛏᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to use, to make use of</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to enjoy (the use of)</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_newd"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_newd">*newd-</ref></mentioned> (‘to seize; grasp; use’). Cognate with Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_nauda"><ref target="#cog_lit_nauda">naudà</ref></mentioned> (‘utility, usefulness, note’), as well as perhaps Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_nuda"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_nuda">*nùďa</ref></mentioned> (‘need, necessity’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>neutō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>neutaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>neutai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>niutizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>neutaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>neut</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>neutazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>neutaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>niutidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>neutai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>neutadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>neutadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>neutaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>neutōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>neutaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>neutadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>neutaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>neutadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>neutamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>neutaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>neutandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>neutaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>niutid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>neutaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>niutid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>neutandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>neutaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>neutandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>neutain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>neutandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>neutandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>neutaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>naut</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>nutį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>naust</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>nutīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>naut</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>nutī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>nutū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>nutīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>nutudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>nutīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>nutum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>nutīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>nutud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>nutīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>nutun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>nutīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>neutandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>nutanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>neutaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*neutan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>niāta, nieta</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*neutan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>nietan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>nieten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>nieten</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>nete</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*neutan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>nēotan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>neoten</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*neutan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>niozan, nioȥȥan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>nieȥen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>nießen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*neutan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>niotan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>nēten</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>njóta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>njóta</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>njóta</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>njota, nyta</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>njóta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>*niute</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>nyde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>nyte</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>njóta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>niūta</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>njuta</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌽𐌹𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽 (niutan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
