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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *newun</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_newun</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h1newn" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₁néwn̥</orth>
          <def>nine</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_newun" type="numeral" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/newun">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>newun</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈne.wun</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚾᛖᚹᚢᚾ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>numeral</pos>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>nine</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From earlier *newunt, from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1newn"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1newn">*h₁néwn̥</ref></mentioned> (‘nine’), with -t added through influence of *tehun (‘ten’). Some descendants supposedly reconstruct a variant *negun instead. This presents an isolated case of wu undergoing dissimilatory fortition to gwu (creating the Pre-Germanic form *negwunt necessary for explaining this discrepancy). This change must've happened quite early on in history, as it underwent a regular application of Boukólos rule, showing the gwu losing the w before u, becoming gu (just like other labiovelars in this position) and also regular loss of word final unstressed Pre-Germanic t (which from the word-final consonant of the Proto-Indo-European ancestor term being d in most cases, but in this case was excresently added via influence from *tehun (‘ten’) as mentioned above).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*neun</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>nigun</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>nēgen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>nege</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Zealandic</lang>
                        <orth>negen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*neun</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>nigun</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>nēgen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>negen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>nege, neë</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Aukan</lang>
                          <orth>neigin</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Berbice Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>negn</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Jersey Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>nêxe</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>negen, neegen, negon</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Skepi Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>negen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*neun</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>nigun</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>nēgen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>negen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Sranan Tongo</lang>
                          <orth>neigi</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Saramaccan</lang>
                            <orth>neígi, neni</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*neun</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>nigon, nigen, nigan, niogen, nygon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>nyne, nine, nin, niȝen, neghen, neyen, nyen, niwon, niȝhenn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>nine, nein</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>nine, neen, nyn, nyne</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>neen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*neun</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>niugun, nigun, niogen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>njuugen, njúgen</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>njoggen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*neun</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>niun</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>niun</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>nüün, nin, nine</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>neun</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>néng</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>naojn</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>נײַן (nayn)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*neun</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>nigun, nigon, nigen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>negen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>näajen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*neun</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>nigun, nigon, nigen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>negen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>nägen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German Low German</lang>
                          <orth>negen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚾᛁᚢ (niu)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>níu, nío</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                      <orth>niu</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>níggju</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                      <orth>nei, neie, näiu, neiå</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>níu</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norn</lang>
                      <orth>ni</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>ni, nio, nie, niu</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚾᛁᚢ (niu)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>níu, nío</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>ni</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>ni</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>ni</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚾᛁᚢ (niu)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>níu, nío</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>nīo</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>nio</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌽 (niun)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Crimean Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>nyne</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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