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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *niwjaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_niwjaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_newyos" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*néwyos</orth>
          <def>new</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_niwjaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/niwjaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>niwjaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈniu̯.jɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚾᛁᚹᛃᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">ja-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>new</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_newyos"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_newyos">*néwyos</ref></mentioned> (‘new’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>niwjaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>niwjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>niwją, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>niwjai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>niwjôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>niwjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>niwjanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>niwjǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>niwją, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>niwjanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>niwjōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>niwjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>niwjas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>niwjaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>niwjas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>niwjaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>niwjaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>niwjaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>niwjammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>niwjaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>niwjammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>niwjaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>niwjaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>niwjaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>niwjanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>niwjaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>niwjanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>niwjaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>niwjaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>niwjaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>niwjô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>niwjǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>niwjô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>niwjaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>niwjōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>niwjōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>niwjanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>niwjōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>niwjô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>niwjanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>niwjōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>niwjōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>niwiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>niwjōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>niwiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>niwjanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>niwjōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>niwjanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>niwini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>niwjōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>niwini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>niwjammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>niwjōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>niwjammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>niwinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>niwjōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>niwinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>niwjammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>niwjōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>niwjammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*niwi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>niuwi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>niewe, neuwe, newe, niwe, nuwe, niew</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>nuuj</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*niwi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>niuwi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>niewe, neuwe, newe, niwe, nuwe, niew</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>nieuw, nie, nij, nieuwt, nouw, nuw, nuwt</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>nuwe, nuut</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Javindo</lang>
                          <orth>nuwe</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Jersey Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>njuew</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>nieuw, niw</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*niwi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>nīewe, nīwe, nēowe, nīowe</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>newe, new, neue, nywe, neowe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>new</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>new</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*niwi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>nī, nīe</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>näi</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>nij</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*niwi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>niuwi, niuwe, niwe, niwi, nuwi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>niuwe, neu, new, newe, niu, niwe, nue, nuge, nuwe, nüewe, núwe, nůw, nůwe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>East Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>nei, neu</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>neu</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>nei</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>noj</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>נײַ (nay)</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Zipser German</lang>
                        <orth>nai, neu</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*niwi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>niuwi, niuwe, niwe, niwi, nuwi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>niuwe, neu, new, newe, niu, niwe, nue, nuge, nuwe, nüewe, núwe, nůw, nůwe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>nüüw, nöi, nüü</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Alsatian</lang>
                          <orth>nèi</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Swabian</lang>
                          <orth>nei</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Walser</lang>
                          <orth>niw, niww, nu</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*niwi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>niuwi, niuwe, niwe, niwi, nuwi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>niuwe, neu, new, newe, niu, niwe, nue, nuge, nuwe, nüewe, núwe, nůw, nůwe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>nei, neich</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                          <orth>nòjar, nauk, naüge</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Gottscheerish</lang>
                          <orth>nai</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Hianzisch</lang>
                          <orth>neich</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Mòcheno</lang>
                          <orth>nai</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Udinese</lang>
                          <orth>naie, naje, noi</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*niwi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>niuwi, niuwe, niwe, niwi, nuwi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>niuwe, neu, new, newe, niu, niwe, nue, nuge, nuwe, nüewe, núwe, nůw, nůwe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>nei, neu</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                          <orth>nei</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Kölsch</lang>
                          <orth>neu</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Transylvanian Saxon</lang>
                          <orth>na</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*niwi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>niuwi, niuwe, niwe, niwi, nuwi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>niuwe, neu, new, newe, niu, niwe, nue, nuge, nuwe, nüewe, núwe, nůw, nůwe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>East Central German</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Silesian East Central German</lang>
                          <orth>neu</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*niwi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>niuwi, niuwe, niwe, niwi, nuwi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>niuwe, neu, new, newe, niu, niwe, nue, nuge, nuwe, nüewe, núwe, nůw, nůwe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>East Central German</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Upper Saxon German</lang>
                          <orth>nei</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Erzgebirgisch</lang>
                            <orth>nei</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*niwi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>niuwi, niuwe, niwe, niwi, nuwi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>niuwe, neu, new, newe, niu, niwe, nue, nuge, nuwe, nüewe, núwe, nůw, nůwe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Rhine Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Hessian</lang>
                          <orth>nei, neu</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Palatine German</lang>
                          <orth>nau, nei, neu</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Pennsylvania German</lang>
                          <orth>nei</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*niwi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>niuwi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>nîe, nîge, nü̂we</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch Low Saxon</lang>
                        <orth>nij</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>nü, nüe, nii, nee, neei</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>nee, nie, neu</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>nie</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚾᛁᚢᛃᚨᛉ (*niujaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                    <orth>ᚾᛁᚢᛃᛁᛚᚨ (niujila), ᚾᛁᚢᚹᛁᛚᚨ (niuwila)</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚾᛁᚢᛃᚨᛉ (*niujaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>nýr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>nýggjur</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>nýr</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>ny, nyr</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚾᛁᚢᛃᚨᛉ (*niujaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>nýr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>ny</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>ny</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                          <orth>ny</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚾᛁᚢᛃᚨᛉ (*niujaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>nýr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>nȳr</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>ny</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌹𐍃 (niujis)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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