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<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *niwjōną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_niwjōną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_niwjona" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/niwjōną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>niwjōną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈniu̯.jɔː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚾᛁᚹᛃᛟᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to renew, to make new</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Related to *niwjaz (‘new’) + *-ōną.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>niwjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>niwjǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>niwjōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>niwjōsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>niwjōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>niwjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>niwjōsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>niwjōsau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>niwjōþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>niwjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>niwjōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>niwjōþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>niwjōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>niwjōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>niwjōw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>niwjōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>niwjōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>niwjōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>niwjōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>niwjōm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>niwjōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>niwjōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>niwjōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>niwjōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>niwjōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>niwjōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>niwjōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>niwjōnþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>niwjōn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>niwjōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>niwjōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>niwjōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>niwjōdǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>niwjōdēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>niwjōdēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>niwjōdēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>niwjōdē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>niwjōdēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>niwjōdēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>niwjōdēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>niwjōdēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>niwjōdēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>niwjōdēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>niwjōdēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>niwjōdēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>niwjōdēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>niwjōdēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>niwjōdēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>niwjōndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>niwjōdaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>niwjōną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*niuwjōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*niuwon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>niewen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>nieuwen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*niuwjōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*niuwon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>niewen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>verniewen, verniën</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>vernieuwen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*niuwjōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>nīewian, nīwian, nēowian, nīwiġan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>newen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>new</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle English</lang>
                        <orth>anewen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>neu, new</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*niuwjōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>nīewian, nīwian, nēowian, nīwiġan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>newen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle English</lang>
                        <orth>renewen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>renew</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>renew</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*niuwjōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>nīa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>urnīa</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*niuwjōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>nīa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>fornīa</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                        <orth>fernäije</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                        <orth>fernije</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*niuwjōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>niuwōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>niuwen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>neuen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*niuwjōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>niuwōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>niuwen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>verniuwen, verniun, vernūen, vernūwen, vernuowen, ferniuwen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>verneuen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*niuwjōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>niuwōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>niuwen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>verniuwen, verniun, vernūen, vernūwen, vernuowen, ferniuwen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                          <orth>verniuweren, verniuwern, ferniuwern</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>German</lang>
                            <orth>verneuern</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*niuwjōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>niuwōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old High German</lang>
                      <orth>irniuwōn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>erniuwen, irniuwen, erniuen, irniuen, ernūwen, irnūwen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>erneuen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*niuwjōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>niuwōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old High German</lang>
                      <orth>irniuwōn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>erniuwen, irniuwen, erniuen, irniuen, ernūwen, irnūwen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                          <orth>erniuweren, erniuwern, irniuwern, ernūwern, irwūwern</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>German</lang>
                            <orth>erneuern</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*niuwjōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*niuwōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>nü̂wen, nîgen, nîen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                        <orth>vörnîen, vornîen, vorniegen, vornigen, vorniggen, vernîen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German Low German</lang>
                          <orth>vernejen, vernien, verneen</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                          <orth>vörnîeren, vörnü̂weren</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>nýja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>nýja</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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